Glossary of medicinal plants

This glossary lists all ethnoveterinary plants that are mentioned in the manuals. It does not include poisonous plants described in the section Poisoning in Ruminants.

The plants are ordered alphabetically by their botanical name. In addition to the botanical name, each entry provides the English name if known, the various plant Parts used and the known uses for each plant part mentioned in the manuals. The only exception is bamboo because it consists of several different genera and species. Therefore, it was not always possible to determine which genus or species was meant when farmers use "bamboo." Therefore, only the English name is given.

To make it easy for the reader to find the section in the manuals that corresponds to each use, the wording of the "known uses" closely follows or includes the headings of the chapter titles where the plants and treatments are mentioned.

In a few cases, a reference in [ ] is added after a specific plant part and known use. It refers to the publication which contains the scientific validation for the plant's efficacy in treating the problem in the livestock species in question (marked in the corresponding chapter and treatment with code No. 6). The complete citation of the reference appears in the section on References.

Abelmoschus esculentus
Ladyfinger, Okra

Parts used
Leaf, root and seed

Usage
Decreased milk flow

Booklet
Ruminants

Abelmoschus esculentus

Abrus precatorius
Prayer beads

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Fowl pox

Booklet
Poultry

Abrus precatorius

Acacia arabica

Parts used

Bark
Leaf and pod
Whole plant

Usage
Vaginal bleeding (Pregnancy and birthing)
Feed
Fencing (Housing)

Booklet
Ruminants
Ruminants
Ruminants

Acacia arabica

Acacia catechu
Catachu

Parts used
Sap

Usage
Wounds and diarrhea

Booklet
Ruminants

Acacia concinna

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Bloat

Booklet
Ruminants

Acacia farnesiana

Parts used
Whole plant

Usage
Fencing (Housing)

Booklet
Ruminants

Acacia insuavis

Parts used
Branch

Usage
Diarrhea

Booklet
Poultry

Acacia rugata

Parts used
Pod

Usage
Coughs and colds

Booklet
Swine

Acacia spp.

Parts used
Whole plant

Usage
Fencing (Housing)

Booklet
Poultry

Acorus calamus

Parts used
Root

Usage
Eye disease

Booklet
Ruminants

Acorus calamus

Actinopetris fennis

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Bleeding

Booklet
Ruminants

Adhatoda vasica

Parts used
Leaves, rhizome

Usage
Coughs and colds

Booklet
Ruminants

Aegale marmelos
Indian Bael

Parts used
Bark, flower, fruit, leaf, root, stem
Fruit

Usage
Dehydration
Diarrhea

Booklet
Ruminants
Ruminants

Aegale marmelos

Albizzia myriophylla

Parts used
Bark

Usage
Coughs and colds

Booklet Swine

Allium cepa
Onion

Parts used
Bulb

Usage
Coughs and colds, fungus

Booklet
Poultry

Allium cepa

Allium sativum
Garlic

Parts used
Bulb

Usage
After birth, coughs and colds, newborn's navel, wounds
Retained placenta (Breeding)
Appetizer, coughs and colds, feed, fungus, wounds
Diarrhea
Intestinal worms
Warts (Surgery)

Booklet [Reference]
Ruminants
Swine
Poultry
Poultry[Rao et al. 1983]
Poultry [Yebron 1994]
General information

Allium sativum

Aloe vera
Aloe

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Constipation, eye disease, pregnancy and birthing difficulties, wounds
Wounds

Booklet
Ruminants
Poultry

Aloe vera

Alpinia galanga
Greater galangal

Parts used
Rhizome

Usage
Appetizer, coughs and colds, fungus

Booklet
Ruminants

Alpinia galanga

Alstonia scholaris

Parts used
Bark, leaf and stem

Usage
Appetizer

Booklet
Swine

Alstonia scholaris

Amaranthus gracilis

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Care during pregnancy (Breeding), constipation

Booklet
Swine

Amaranthus spinosus

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Care during pregnancy (Breeding), constipation

Booklet
Swine

Amaranthus spinosus

Ananas sativus
Pineapple

Parts used
Fruit wastes

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Ruminants

Ananas sativus

Andrographis paniculata
Bitters

Parts used
Stem
Juice
Whole plant

Usage
Diarrhea
Newcastle disease (Infectious diseases)
Coughs and colds

Booklet
Poultry
Poultry
Poultry

Andrographis paniculata

Andropogon annulatus
Marvel grass

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Decreased milk flow

Booklet
Ruminants

Andropogon citrates
See Cymbopogon citratus

Annona muricata
Sour sop

Parts used
Seed
Leaves

Usage
Lice
Foot rot, wound.

Booklet
Swine
Ruminants

Annona muricata

Annona reticulata

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Lice

Booklet
Swine

Annona squamosa
Sugar apple, custard apple, sweet sop

Parts used
Fruit
Leaf
Seed

Usage
Wounds
Bleeding, foot rot, wounds
Eye, disease, internal parasites
Lice, scabies
Tick and lice
Wounds

Booklet
Poultly
Ruminants
Swine
Swine
Poultry, ruminants
Poultry

Annona squamosa

Arachis hypogaea
Ground nut, peanut

Parts used
Seed

Usage
After birth
Feed
Decreased milk flow

Booklet
Ruminants
Poultry, ruminants and swine
Ruminants

Arachis hypogaea

Areca catechu
Betel nut

Part used
Nut

Usage
Internal parasites
Intestinal worms
Liverflukes

Booklet
Ruminants, swine
Poultry
Ruminants

Areca catechu

Aristolochia bracteata
Worm killer

Parts used
Leaf

Usage

Constipation, internal parasites

Booklet
Ruminants

Artemisia vulgaris

Parts used
Leaf
Root and stem

Usage
Internal parasites, scabies
Scabies

Booklet
Swine
Swine

Artemisia vulgaris

Artocarpus heterophyllus
Jack fruit

Parts used
Leaf and fruit

Usage
After birth, feed, wounds

Booklet
Ruminants

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Azadirachta indica
Neem tree

Parts used
Bark
Leaf
Seed
Whole plant

Usage
Diarrhea, ticks and lice, wounds
Abscesses (Surgery), castration wound
Bleeding, feed, fever, foot rot, lice, udder infection, wounds
Wounds
Ticks
Insect repellent (Housing)

Booklet
Poultry
General information
Ruminants
Swine
Ruminants
Ruminants

Azadirachta indica

Azima tetracantha

Parts used
Root or leaf

Usage

Diarrhea

Booklet
Poultry

Bamboo (Bambusa sp. and other genera)

Parts used
Leaf, shoot
Stem

Usage
Retained placenta (Pregnancy and birthing), feed (After birth)
Housing

Booklet
Ruminants
Poultry, ruminants, swine

Bamboo

Barleria lupulina
Mahua

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Snake bite

Booklet
Ruminants

Bassia latifolia
Indian butter tree

Parts used
Flower

Usage
Feed (After birth)

Booklet
Ruminants

Berberis aristata

Parts used
Leaf, stem

Usage
Eye disease

Booklet
Ruminants

Bixa orellana

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Intestinal worms

Booklet
Poultry

Bixa orellana

Blumea balsamifera

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Fever

Booklet
Swine

Blumea balsamifera

Boerhaavia diffusa

Parts used
Whole plant

Usage
Difficulty in urinating

Booklet
Ruminants

Borassus flabellifer
Palmyra tree

Parts used
Flower
Leaf, wood

Usage
Bleeding
Housing

Booklet
Ruminants
Ruminants, swine

Brassica integrifolia

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Coughs and colds

Booklet
Ruminants

Brassica nigra or juncea
Mustard

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Appetizer
Feed, ticks and lice
Sprains

Booklet
Swine
Poultry
Ruminants

Breynia patens

Parts used
Bark, leaf

Usage
Decreased milk flow

Booklet
Ruminants

Cajanus cajan
Pigeon pea

Parts used
Leaf and pod

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Ruminants and swine

Cajanus cajan

Calendula officinalis
Calendula

Parts used
Flower, leaf and petal

Usage
Warts (Surgery)

Booklet
General information

Camellia sinensis
Tea

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Bleeding, dehydration, diarrhea, poisoning
Eye disease

Booklet
Ruminants
Swine

Camellia sinensis

Cannabis sativa
Hemp

Parts used
Stalk

Usage
Housing

Booklet
Ruminants

Cannabis sativa

Capsicum annum or frutescens
Chilli

Parts used
Fruit, seed

Usage
Appetizer
Fowl pox

Booklet
Ruminants, poultry
Poultry

Capsicum annum or frutescens

Careya sphaerica

Parts used
Bark

Usage
Dehydration, wounds

Booklet
Ruminants

Carica papaya
Papaya

Parts used
Fruit
Leaf
Latex of fruit or stem
Seed
Latex of trunk, fruit and leaf

Usage
Constipation
Intestinal worms
After birth
Intestinal worms
Internal parasites
Warts (Surgery)

Booklet
Swine
Poultry
Ruminants
Poultry [Mursof, 1990]
Ruminants
General information

Carica papaya

Cassia alata
Ringworm bush

Parts used
Leaf
Stem, bark, fruit

Usage
Scabies
Fungus infection
Scabies

Booklet
Swine, ruminants
Ruminants
Swine

Cassia alata

Cassia siamea

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Appetizer

Booklet
Ruminants

Cassia siamea

Cassia tora

Parts used Leaf, seed

Usage
Fungus

Booklet
Ruminants

Centrosema spp.

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Ruminants

Chromolaena odorata

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Wounds

Booklet
Swine

Chrysanthemum indicum
Chrysanthemum

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Scabies

Booklet
Swine

Chrysanthemum indicum

Chrysophyllum cainito
Star apple

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Diarrhea, foot rot, internal parasites, wounds
Diarrhea

Booklet
Ruminants
Swine

Chrysophyllum cainito

Cicer arietinum
Chick pea

Parts used
Seed hulls

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Ruminants

Cicer arietinum

Cinnamomum camphora
Camphor

Parts used
Wood

Usage
Coughs and colds

Booklet
Ruminants

Cinnamomum camphora

Cissampelos pareira
Velvet leaf

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Fractures (Surgery)

Booklet
General information

Citrullus lanatus
Watermelon

Parts used
Rind of fruit

Usage
Water source (Feeding)

Booklet
Swine

Citrullus lanatus

Citrus acida

Parts used
Bark

Usage
Ticks and lice

Booklet
Poultry

Citrus bergamia
Lemon

Parts used Fruit

Usage
Sprains

Booklet
Ruminants

Citrus madurensis

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Fever

Booklet
Swine

Citrus medica
Citron tree

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Fever	Swine
	Coughs and colds	Ruminants

Citrus medica

Coccinia grandis

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Eye disease

Booklet
Ruminants

Cocos nucifera
Coconut

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Husk	Lice, diarrhea Scabies, fungus	Swine Ruminants
Leaf	Housing	Ruminants, swine
Meat	Appetizers	Ruminants
	Feed	Swine, poultry
	Internal parasites	Swine
Oil	Castration wounds	General information
	Constipation, scabies, ticks	Ruminants
	Scabies, udder infection, diarrhea	Swine
	Wounds	Poultry
Shell	Diarrhea	Ruminants, swine
	Lice, scabies	Swine
Water	Appetizer	Ruminants, poultry
	Diarrhea	Swine
	Diarrhea, dehydration	Ruminants
	Eye disease, poisoning	Ruminants, swine
	Heat stress	Poultry
Wood	Housing	Poultry

Cocos nucifera

Colocasia esculenta
Taro

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Feed	Ruminants
Corm	Feed	Swine

Colocasia esculenta

Couroupita guianensis
Cannon-ball tree

Parts used
Fruit

Usage
To stimulate heat

Booklet
Ruminants

Crataeva nurvala

Parts used
Whole plant

Usage
Difficulty in urinating

Booklet
Ruminants

Crotolaria juncea
Sun hemp

Parts used
Fresh leaves

Usage
Feed (After birth)

Booklet
Ruminants

Crotolaria juncea

Cuminum cyminum
Cumin

Parts used
Seed (dried)

Usage
After birth, diarrhea

Booklet
Ruminants

Curcuma longa or domestica
Turmeric

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Rhizome	Abscesses (Surgery), castration wounds	General information
	Coughs and colds	Poultry, ruminants
	Fungal diseases, diarrhea, intestinal worms, feed	Poultry
	Ticks, constipation, udder infection, bleeding, eye disease, sprains	Ruminants
	Wounds	Ruminants, swine, poultry
Whole plant	Cough and colds, sprains	Ruminants
	Swine pox	Swine

Curcuma longa or domestica

Cymbopogon citratus
Lemon grass

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Ticks, lice and mites	Poultry
	Sprains	Ruminants

Cymbopogon citratus

Cynodon dactylon
Bermuda grass

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Grass stalk	Bleeding	Ruminants
Leaf	Bleeding, wounds, decreased milk flow	Ruminants

Dalbergia nigra
Rosewood

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Wood	Housing	Ruminants

Desmodium triflorum

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Eye sidease	Ruminants

Dioscorea alata
Yam

Parts used
Tuber

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Swine

Dioscorea alata

Dioscorea esculenta
Tugui

Parts used
Tuber

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Swine

Dioscorea esculenta

Diospyros ebenum

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Ticks and lice

Booklet
Poultry

Diospyros mollis

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Fruit	Cough and colds	Swine
	Internal parasites	Swine, ruminants

Dolichos uniflorus
Horsegram

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Seed	Feed	Poultry
	After birth	Ruminants

Dolichos catjung
See Vigna unguiculata

Eichhornia crassipes
Water hyacinth

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Swine

Eleusine coracana
Finger millet

Parts used
Seed

Usage
After birth

Booklet
Ruminants

Embelia ribes

Parts used
Fruit

Usage
Bloat

Booklet
Ruminants

Erythrina indica

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Cough and colds

Booklet
Ruminants

Eucalyptus globulus
Eucalyptus

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Fever, sprains	Ruminants
	Wounds	Poultry
Whole plant	Insect repellent	Ruminants
		(Housing)

Eugenia caryophyllus
Clove

Parts used
Root clove and bark

Usage
Diarrhea

Booklet
Swine

Eugenia caryophyllus

Eugenia jambolana
Jambul or black plum

Parts used
Bark

Usage
Bleeding

Booklet
Ruminants

Eupatorium odoratum

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Bleeding, wounds	Ruminants
	Wounds	Swine
Whole plant	Foot rot Ruminants

Euphorbia hirta

Parts used
Latex from stem

Usage
Eye disease

Booklet
Ruminants

Euphorbia hirta

Euphorbia neriifolia
Common milk hedge

Parts used
Latex

Usage
Fractures and warts (Surgery)

Booklet
General information

Euphorbia neriifolia

Ferula assa-foetida
Asafoetida

Parts used
Resin

Usage
Bloat, after birth

Booklet
Ruminants

Ficus bengalensis
Banyan tree

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Bark	Bleeding	Ruminants
Latex	Wounds	Ruminants, poultry
Leaf	Feed	Ruminants

Ficus hauili

Parts used
Bark

Usage
Wounds

Booklet
Ruminants

Ficus minahassae

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Udder infection

Booklet
Swine

Ficus racemosa

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Sprains

Booklet
Ruminants

Foeniculum vulgare
Fennel

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Appetizer, after birth

Booklet
Ruminants

Fumaria officinalis

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Udder infection

Booklet
Ruminants

Gardenia gummifera

Parts used
Resin

Usage Bloat

Booklet
Ruminants

Gardenia jasminoides
Gardenia

Parts used
Stem

Usage
Fever

Booklet
Ruminants

Gardenia jasminoides

Gaultheria fragrantissima

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Sprains

Booklet
Ruminants

Gmelina arborea

Parts used Leaf

Usage
Coughs and colds

Booklet
Ruminants

Gmelina arborea

Gliricidia septum
Gliricidia

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Bark and root	Scabies, sprains	Swine
Leaf	Lice	Swine
	Feed scabies	Ruminants. swine

Gliricidia septum

Glycine max
Soy bean

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Seed	After birth	Ruminants
	Constipation, sprains	Swine
	Feed	Poultry, swine, ruminants

Glycine max

Glycyrrhiza glabra
Liquorice

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Stem	Wounds	Ruminants
Whole plant	Coughs and colds	Ruminants

Gossypium sp.
Cotton

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Retained placenta (Breeding)	Swine
Seed	Decreased milk flow	Ruminants
	Feed	Poultry, ruminants

Gossypium sp.

Helianthus annus
Sunflower

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Poultry, ruminants

Helianthus annus

Heliotropium indicum
Indian heliotrope

Parts used
Mature leaf

Usage
Coughs and colds

Booklet [Reference] Poultry [Fernandez, 1990]

Heliotropium indicum

Hevea brasiliensis
Rubber

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Ruminants

Hevea brasiliensis

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Hibiscus

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Flower	Fever	Swine
	Wound	Ruminants
Leaf	Sprains, wound	Ruminants
	Fever	Swine

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Holarrhena antidysenterica

Parts used
Seed and bark

Usage
Diarrhea

Booklet
Ruminants

Holarrhena antidysenterica

Hordeum sativum
Barley

Parts used
Grain

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Poultry

Hoya ovalifolia

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Sprains

Booklet
Ruminants

Hyoscyamus niger
Black or common henbane

Parts used
Whole plant

Usage
Difficulty in urinating

Booklet
Ruminants

Hyoscyamus niger

Imperata cylindrica
Cogon grass

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Housing

Booklet
Ruminants, swine

Imperata cylindrica

Ipomea aquatica
Swamp cabbage, water spinach

Parts used
Leaf and stem

Usage
Care during pregnancy (Breeding)

Booklet
Swine

Ipomea aquatica

Ipomea batatas
Sweet potato

Parts used
Leaf
Leaf and stem
Root

Usage
Appetizer, constipation
Feed
Care during pregnancy (Breeding)
Feed

Booklet
Swine
Swine and poultry
Swine
Swine

Ipomea batatas

Jatropha curcas

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Bleeding

Booklet
Ruminants

Jatropha curcas

Jasminum sambac
Arabian jasmine

Parts used
Flower
Whole plant

Usage
Eye disease
Ticks and lice

Booklet
Ruminants
Poultry

Jasminum sambac

Lagerstroemia speciosa
Banaba

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Wounds

Booklet
Ruminants

Lansium domesticum

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Intestinal worms

Booklet
Poultry

Lansium domesticum

Launaea pinnatifida
Pathri grass

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Decreased milk flow

Booklet
Ruminants

Lawsonia inermis
Henna

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Constipation

Booklet
Ruminants

Lens esculenta
Lentil

Parts used
Husk

Usage
Decreased milk flow, feed

Booklet
Ruminants

Leucaena leucocephala

Parts used
Leaf
Seed

Usage
Feed
Internal parasites

Booklet
Ruminants, swine, poultry
Swine

Leucaena leucocephala

Leptadenia reticulata

Parts used
Bark
Leaf
Whole plant

Usage
Decreased milk flow
Decreased milk flow, feed (After birth)
Eye disease
Decreased milk flow, antiabortion, to stimulate heat

Booklet
Ruminants
Ruminants
Swine
Ruminants

Linum usitatissimum
Linseed

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Feed
Poisoning, constipation retained placenta

Booklet
Poultry
Ruminants

Litsea sabifera

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Udder infection

Booklet
Ruminants

Mangifera indica
Mango

Parts used
Bark
Peel, kernel, leaf, fruit pulp

Usage
Bleeding
Feed (After birth)

Booklet
Ruminants
Ruminants

Mangifera indica

Manihot esculenta
Cassava

Parts used
Leaf
Root

Usage
Feed (After birth)
Feed

Booklet
Ruminants
Ruminants, swine

Manihot esculenta

Marantha arudinacea
Arrowroot

Parts used
Root

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Swine

Melia azedarach
Persian lilac or common bead tree

Parts used
Leaves

Usage
Scabies

Booklet
Ruminants

Melia azedarach

Mentha arvensis
Japanese mint

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Sprains

Booklet
Ruminants

Mentha arvensis

Mentha cordifolia Opiz
Marsh mint

Parts used
Leaves

Usage
Abscesses (Surgery)

Booklet
General information

Mentha cordifolia Opiz

Mentha piperita
Pepper mint

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Abscesses (Surgery)
Sprains

Booklet
General information
Ruminants

Mimosa pudica
Sensitive plant Touch-me-not

Parts used
Bark
Leaf
Root

Usage
Sprains
Internal parasites
Sprains
Castration wounds pain (Surgery)

Booklet [Reference]
Swine
Ruminants
Swine [Tan 1981]
General information

Mimosa pudica

Mimusops elonga

Parts used
Seeds

Usage
Cough and colds

Booklet
Ruminants

Mitragyna speciosa

Parts used
Leaves

Usage
Dehydration

Booklet
Ruminants

Michelia champaca

Parts used
Bark

Usage
Wounds

Booklet
Ruminants

Momordica charantia
Bitter gourd

Parts used
Leaf
Fruit and root

Usage
Anemia
Internal parasites
Diarrhea

Booklet [Reference]
Swine [Micu and Mateo 1986]
Swine
Ruminants

Momordica charantia

Morinda citrifolia
Indian mulberry

Parts used
Fruit
Leaf

Usage
Internal parasites
Appetizer

Booklet
Ruminants
Ruminants

Morinda citrifolia

Moringa oleifera
Horseradish tree or drumstick

Parts used
Leaf
Stem bark
Seed

Usage
Anemia, feed
Wounds, cough and colds, after birth
Coughs and colds
Internal parasites

Booklet [Reference]
Swine [Micu and Mateo 1986]
Ruminants
Ruminants
Swine

Mucuna pruriens
Cow-witch

Parts used
Seed

Usage
To stimulate heat

Booklet
Ruminants

Murraya koenigii
Curry - leaf tree

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Appetizer

Booklet
Poultry

Musa sp.
Banana

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Blossom	Constipation	Ruminants
Fruit	Bleeding, foot-and- mouth disease (Infectious diseases), udder infection	Ruminants
Latex	Castration wounds	General information
Leaf	Bedding (Breeding, care of newborn), wounds	Swine
	Bloat, constipation, housing	Ruminants
Stem	Fungus	Ruminants
Trunk	Water source (Feeding)	Swine

Musa sp.

Myristica fragrans
Nutmeg

Parts used
Fruit

Usage
Diarrhea

Booklet
Poultry

Myristica fragrans

Nephelium lappaceum
Rambutan

Parts used
Leaf, bark

Usage
Fever

Booklet
Ruminants

Nephelium lappaceum

Nicotiana tabacum
Tobacco

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Ticks and lice
Ticks, wounds
Udder infection

Booklet
Poultry
Ruminants
Swine

Nicotiana tabacum

Nigella sativa
Black cummin

Parts used
Seeds

Usage
Decreased milk flow
Retained placenta
(Pregnancy and birthing)

Booklet
Ruminants
Ruminants

Nypa fructicans
Nipa

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Housing

Booklet
Ruminants, swine

Ochna serrulata

Parts used
Root

Usage
Snake bite

Booklet
Ruminants

Ocimum sanctum
Holy basil

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Bleeding, coughs and colds, eye disease, udder infection, wounds	Ruminants
	Coughs and colds, ticks and lice	Poultry
	Mosquito control (Infectious discuses)	Poultry
	Mosquito control (Housing)	Ruminants

Ocimum sanctum

Ocimum basilicum
Sweet basil

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Bleeding, cough and colds, udder infection	Ruminants
Pulp	Bleeding	Ruminants

Ocimum basilicum

Odina wodier
Besharam

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Abscesses (Surgery)

Booklet
General information

Orthosiphon spicata

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Difficulty in urinating

Booklet
Ruminants

Oryza sativa
Rice

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Bran	Decreased milk flow (After birth)	Ruminants
	Feed	Ruminants, swine
Seed	Appetizer, decreased milk flow, dehydration, snakebite, wounds	Ruminants
	Care during pregnancy	Swine
	Castration wounds	General information
	Coughs and colds	Poultry
	Diarrhea	Poultry, swine
	Feed	Poultry, ruminants
Straw	Bedding (Housing)	Ruminants, poultry
	Bedding (Care of newborn)	Swine
	Feed	Ruminants

Oryza sativa

Panicum isachne

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Decreased milk flow

Booklet
Ruminants

Papaver somniferum
Poppy

Parts used
Fruit gum

Usage
Diarrhea

Booklet
Swine

Papaver somniferum

Pathos secundes

Parts used
Whole plant

Usage
Sprains

Booklet
Ruminants

Pavetta indica

Parts used
Whole plant

Usage
Difficulty in urinating

Booklet
Ruminants

Pedalium maurex

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf, stem, fruit	After birth	Ruminants
Bark	Retained placenta (Pregnancy and birthing)	Ruminants

Pennisetum typhoideum
Millet

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Seed, straw	Feed	Ruminants
Seed	Feed	Poultry
	After birth	Ruminants

Persea americana
Avocado

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Wounds, foot rot

Booklet
Ruminants

Persea americana

Peucadenum graveolens

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Seed	Appetizer	Swine
	Bloat	Ruminants
	Retained placenta (Pregnancy and birthing)	Ruminants

Phaseolus aureus
Green gram

Parts used
Bean

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Poultry

Phaseolus calcaratus
Rice bean

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Ruminants

Phaseolus mungo
Black gram

Parts used
Bean

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Poultry

Phaseolus mungo

Phaseolus radiatus
Mung bean

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Ruminants, swine, poultry

Phyllanthus emblica

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Fruit	Appetizer	Ruminants
Seed	Wounds	Ruminants

Picrorrhiza kurrooa

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Root	Appetizer	Swine
	Fever	Swine, ruminants

Piper betle
Betel pepper

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Abscesses, warts (Surgery)	General information
	Eye disease	Ruminants
	Housing, retained placenta (Breeding), udder infection	Swine

Piper betle

Piper nigrum
Black pepper

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Seed	After birth, coughs and colds, decreased milk flow	Ruminants
	Fowl pax	Poultry
	Retained placenta (Breeding)	Swine

Piper nigrum

Plumbago zeylanica
Ceylon leadwort

Parts used
Bark

Usage
Bleeding

Booklet
Ruminants

Plumeria acuminata
Temple flower

Parts used
Leaf, bark

Usage
Internal parasites

Booklet
Swine

Pongomia glabra

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Wounds

Booklet
Ruminants

Premna odorata
Alagau

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Ticks and lice	Poultry
	Lice	Swine

Premna odorata

Psidium guajava
Guava

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Castration wounds	General information
	Retained placenta (Pregnancy and birthing)	Ruminants
	Udder infection, diarrhea	Swine, ruminants
	Wounds	Swine

Psidium guajava

Pterocarpus macrocarpus

Parts used
Bark

Usage
Foot rot,
wounds

Booklet
Ruminants

Pterocarpus santalinus
Red Sanderswood

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Wood	Abscesses (Surgery)	General information

Punica granatum
Pomegranate

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Bark	Intestinal worms	Poultry
Fruit	Intestinal worms	Poultry
	Eye disease	Swine
Leaf	Eye disease	Ruminants
	Diarrhea	Swine
Root	Internal parasites	Ruminants
Stem	Diarrhea	Swine

Punica granatum

Quisqualis indica

Parts used
Leaf and seed

Usage
Intestinal worms

Booklet
Poultry

Quisqualis indica

Ricinus communis
Castor

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Feed (After birth)	Ruminants
Seed (oil)	Bloat	Ruminants
	Constipation	Swine and ruminants

Ricinus communis

Saccharum officinarum
Sugar cane

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Juice from stem	Decreased milk flow	Ruminants
Leaves or juice from stem	Difficulty in urinating	Ruminants
Stalk, top, molasses	Feed	Ruminants

Saccharum officinarum

Sansevieria sp.

Parts used
Root

Usage
Snake bite

Booklet
Ruminants

Santalum album
Sandalwood

Parts used
Wood

Usage
Wounds

Booklet
Swine

Sapindus rarak

Parts used
Fruit

Usage
Eye disease

Booklet
Ruminants

Saraca indica
Ashoka tree

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Bark	Bleeding	Ruminants
	Retained placenta	Ruminants
	(Pregnancy and birthing)

Sauropus androgynus
Katuk

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
After birth

Booklet
Ruminants

Semen nelumbinis
Lotus

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Seed	Breeding	Swine
	Nutrition	Piglet

Sesamum indicum
Sesame

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Seed	Constipation	Swine
	Feed	Poultry, ruminants
	Vaginal bleeding (Pregnancy and birthing)	Ruminants
	Wounds	Ruminants

Sesamum indicum

Sesbania aegyptiaca

Parts used
Seed and bark

Usage
Diarrhea

Booklet
Poultry

Sesbania grandiflora
Katurai

Parts used
Bark

Usage
Dehydration, wounds

Booklet
Ruminants

Sida cordiofolia
Country mallow

Parts used
Whole plant

Usage
To stimulate heat

Booklet
Ruminants

Sorghum vulgare
Sorghum

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Feed, after birth

Booklet
Ruminants

Spondias pinnata or Spondias mangifera
Indian wild mango

Parts used	Usage	Booklet [Reference]
Leaf	Abscesses (Surgery)	General information
	Coughs and colds	Poultry [Fernandez, 1990]
	Tapeworm	Swine
Whole plant	Wounds	Swine

Spondias pinnata or Spondias mangifera

Stachyta jamaicensis

Parts used
Leaf

Usage
Udder infection

Booklet
Swine

Sterculia foetida
Wild almond

Parts used
Pod

Usage
Eye disease

Booklet
Swine

Swertia chirata

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Whole plant	Appetizer, fever	Swine
	Fever	Ruminants

Symphytum officinale
Comfrey

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Castration wounds	General information
	Fractures (Surgery)	General information
	Sprains	Ruminants

Symphytum officinale

Tamarindus indica
Tamarind

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Bark	Internal parasites	Swine
Fruit	Appetizer, bloat, fever, internal parasites	Ruminants
	Constipation	Ruminants, swine
	Cough and colds	Swine
Leaves	Fever, cough and colds	Ruminants
	Fractures (Surgery)	General information
	Internal parasites	Swine

Tamarindus indica

Tectona grandis Teak

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf, bark	Poisoning	Ruminants
Wood	Housing	Ruminants

Terminalia arjuna

Parts used
Bark

Usage
Bleeding

Booklet
Ruminants

Terminalia belerica

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Wounds

Booklet
Ruminants

Terminalia chebula

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Fruit	Appetizer, bloat	Ruminants
Seed	Wounds	Ruminants

Terminalia chebula

Thunbergia laurifolia

Parts used
Root

Usage
Poisoning

Booklet
Ruminants

Tinospora spp.

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Whole plant	Scabies	Swine
Vine	Appetizer, internal parasites	Ruminants
	Diarrhea	Poultry

Trachyspermum ami
Bishop's weed

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Seed	Appetizer	Swine
	Diarrhea, bloat, appetizer	Ruminants
	Retained placenta (Pregnancy and birthing), after birth	Ruminants

Tribulus terrestis

Parts used
Whole plant

Usage
Difficulty in urinating

Booklet
Ruminants

Trigonella foenum-graecum
Fenugreek

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leat	Foot-and-mouth disease (Infectious diseases)	Ruminants
Seed	Appetizer	Swine
	Coughs and colds, coryza	Poultry
	Diarrhea	Ruminants, poultry
	Retained placenta(Pregnancy and birthing), after birth	Ruminants

Triticum aestivum
Wheat

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Bran	Feed	Ruminants
Seed	Decreased milk flow (After birth)	Ruminants
	Diarrhea	Poultry
	Feed	Ruminants, poultry
Straw	Bedding (Housing)	Ruminants

Veronica anthelmintica

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Seed, leaf, whole plant	Appetizer	Swine
Seed	Diarrhea	Ruminants

Vigna sinensis or unguiculata
Cowpea

Parts used
Seed

Usage
Feed

Booklet
Ruminants, poultry

Vigna sinensis or unguiculata

Vitex negundo
Five-leaved chastetree

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Leaf	Sprains, fever	Ruminants
	Wounds, ticks and lice	Poultry

Vitex negundo

Withania somnifera
Winter cherry

Parts used
Root

Usage
Decreased milk flow

Booklet
Ruminants

Xylia kerii

Parts used
Bark

Usage
Dehydration, wounds

Booklet
Ruminants

Zea mays
Maize

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Grain	Feed	Swine, poultry
Straw, seed	feed	Ruminants

Zea mays

Zingiber cassumunar
Common ginger

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Rhizome	Diarrhea	Swine
	Internal parasites	Ruminants

Zingiber officinale
Ginger

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Rhizome	Appetizer, coughs and colds	Poultry, ruminants
	Appetizer, eye disease, retained placenta (Breeding)	Swine
	Bloat, diarrhea, retained placenta (Pregnancy and birthing), sprains	Ruminants

Zingiber officinale

Zingiber zerumbet

Parts used	Usage	Booklet
Rhizome	Coughs and colds	Ruminants
Rhizome	Diarrhea	Swine