Appendices

Appendix A - Extract from terms of reference
Appendix B - Educational efficiency in developing countries (from Lockheed & Hanushek, 1988)

Appendix A - Extract from terms of reference

OBJECTIVES

i. To determine the relative significance of factors influencing pupil attainment at primary and secondary level;

ii. To determine the relative cost-effectiveness of specific interventions.

STRATEGY

Literature/research (relevant to LDCs) on:

i. School effectiveness (including management; organisation; instructional leadership; streaming; time; the nature of the instructional programme);

ii. Teacher effectiveness (including training pre-set and insert, support, upgrading, conditions of service);

iii. Quality control mechanisms (including testing, measurement, profiling etc);

iv. Processes of examinations, pupil assessment, examination reform;

v. Processes of curriculum and curriculum development reform; materials development and curriculum.

Appendix B - Educational efficiency in developing countries (from Lockheed & Hanushek, 1988)

Table III. Efficiency of six educational policies

		Effect sizea	cost per-student	Efficiencyb
Testbooks
	Brazilc	.34	$1.65	.21/$1
	Nicaraguad	.36	$1.75	21/$1
	Philippinese	.40	£0.27	1.48/$1
	Thailandf	.06	$.40	1.33/$1
Radio education
	Kenyag	.53	$.40	1.33/$1
	Njicaraguah	.55	$1.80	.31/$1
	Thailand (Norteast)I	.58	$.44	1.31/$1
Teacher education
	Brazil (4yrs Primary)	.21	$2.21	.09/$1
	Brazil (Logos II)	.09	$1.84	.05/$1
	Brazil (3 yrs secondary)	.16	$5.55	03/$1
	Thailand (additional semester postsecondary)	<.01	$.09	.06/$1
Technical-Vocational Secondaryj
	Colombia (INEM)	.39	$ 98.00	.40/$100
	Colombia (tech-voc.)	.33	$376.00	.09/$100
	Tanzania (commercial)	.50	$272.00	.18/$100
	Tanzania (technical)	-.37	$561.00	-.07/$100
	Tanzania (agricultural)	-.20	$375.00	-.05/$100
Cross-Age Peer Tutoringk
	United States	.73	$212.00	.34/$100
Cooperative learningl
	Israel	1.40	$85.00	1.65/$100

Note:

^a The effect size is the average score difference between treatment and control groups divided by the standard deviation of the control group (Glass, McGaw & Smith, 1981).

^b Efficiency is the effect size divided by the per-student cost.

^c Source for Brazil: Armitage et al. (1986).

^d Source: Jamison et al. for effect: Wells & Klees (1978) for cost

^e Source: Heyneman et al. (1989) for effect: Searle (personal communication) for cost.

^f Source: Lockheed et al. (1987)

^g Source: Oxford et al. (1986) for effect: Kemmerer & Friend (1985) for cost.

^h Source: Searle & Galda (1980) for effect: Wells & Klees (1978) for cost.

ⁱ Source: Friend et al. (1986) for effect: Galda (1985) for cost.

^j Source: Psacharopoulos & Loxley (1985).

^k Source: Levin et al. (1984).

^l Source: Sharan & Shacher (1986).

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