ASSESSING RURAL
NEEDS
A MANUAL FOR
PRACTITIONERS
ACCION/AITEC
10-C Mt. Auburn
Street
Cambridge, Mass.
02138
Jeffrey Ashe
September 1978
ACCION/AITEC is an independent,
non-profit agency that has
specialized
in applied research and the implementation
development
programs since 1961. We currently have
programs in:
Brazil
Costa Rica
Colombia
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Mexico
Guatemala
United States
"Assessing Rural Needs:
A Manual for Practitioners" is based
on a system
developed by AITEC and tested over two years in 860
villages as
part of a contract with the Costa Rican Government .
It reflects
our goals of popular participation and employment
generation
through the stimulation of very small business
enterprises
and small farms by providing a well structured
opportunity
for villagers and small farmers to clearly articulate
their needs
to the government.
The publication of this manual reflects
another ACCION/AITEC
goal; to
create innovative models and to disseminate them as widely
as possible.
If the questionnaire and other materials
in this manual are
used or
modified to mount a research program we kindly request that
we be
informed so we have a record of the applications of this
research
manual.
ACCION/AITEC can provide consultant
services for setting
up similar
studies. Please direct all inquiries to
ACCION/AITEC,
10C Mt.
Auburn St., Cambridge, Mass. 02138 attn:
Jeffrey Ashe.
John C.
Hammock
Executive
Director
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Prologue
PART I
The Research Project
Goals for Development
Linking Research with Action
Defining the Content of a Research
Project
Developing a Research Methodology
Use of Secondary Sources of
Information
Questionnaire Development and Testing
Administering the Research Project
Training
Conclusions
PART II
Questionnaire
Code Book
Table Formats
Format for County Summaries
Format for Community Profile
RURAL RESEARCH MANUAL
PROLOGUE
Planners face a problem of making
decisions affecting specific small
communities
without adequate information. When they
try to inform themselves
about
conditions in these communities, they find that collecting information
is costly and
time consuming and that when made available is often unrelated
to their
practical needs. A similar problem is
faced at the local level;
promoters
seldom ask questions that will allow the community to focus on key
economic
problems; and projects that result are often little related to real
community
needs. Development programs that
emphasize small farmers, services
and
infrastructure in small communities, rural enterprises and local
participation
in the development process have created an increasing demand
for
up-to-date information in the rural areas.
Yet, a methodology to collect
this information
rapidly and cheaply has been largely neglected.
Census are
expensive,
and often out of date, and offer a limited range of information;
survey
research suffers from similar limitations.
Techniques are well
established
for feasibility studies, but these are too costly and time consuming
to detect the
development needs of hundreds of small communities.
Through more than two years of technical
assistance to the Costa Rican
Institute of
Municipal Development (IFAM), AITEC, working jointly with that
institution,
developed a low-cost, rapid system to determine conditions in
rural
communities and their priority needs for development that is oriented
to policy
makers. "Assessing Rural Needs, A Manual for Practitioners"
systematizes
the experience gained through the IFAM/AITEC project and provides
a guide for
other groups, agencies and individuals.
Based on information collected through
community surveys, this system:
1.
establishes basic social and economic trends such as migration,
employment, and changes in agricultural production;
2.
specifies the problems faced by farmers such as marketing credit
and roads;
3.
provides a comprehensive inventory of infrastructure, services,
rural enterprises, and businesses in
small communities;
4.
indicates the magnitude of development problems such as kilometers
of roads that need construction and
improvement, the number of
villages that need water,
electricity, and schools, and the needs
for rural industries;
5.
establishes priorities for these types of projects between regions,
counties and communities;
6.
indicates perceived community priorities for development projects,
and
7.
provides a baseline against which the effectiveness of programs
can be measured by comparing the
number, type and location of
projects completed compared to the
needs established by the
research program.
This manual is divided into two parts;
the first concerns the research
project and
includes:
o
clarifying development goals
o
linking research to decisions about projects
o
choosing variables
o
approaches to data collection
o secondary sources of
information
o
writing and testing the questionnaire
o
administering the research project, and
o
training interviewers, coders and analysts.
The second part is more specific and
includes:
o
the questionnaire
o
coding procedures
o
systems for establishing priorities, and
o
formats for report preparation for community profiles
and county summaries.
All research projects are different and
the "cookbook" presented here
will not be
usable in its entirety in another project.
We feel, however,
there are
enough common elements in research projects in rural areas that
focus on the
problems of smaller farmers and communities to warrant the
writing of
this manual. We hope this manual is
used by researchers and
administrators
in their efforts to develop programs in the rural areas.
THE
IFAM/AITEC PROJECT
The IFAM/AITEC project was a response to
IFAM's need to define problems
and specify
projects in rural areas and provide loans and assistance to
municipal
governments. In Costa Rica, the
counties have a broad mandate to
promote the
development of communities within their boundaries.
If IFAM was to provide both financial and
technical assistance to the
rural
counties, it faced the difficult decision of where to concentrate its
limited
resources. Historically, most of IFAM's
projects were located in the
county seats
in the counties near the capital city.
But the government and
the
international lending agencies urged the funding of rural projects.
Lacking
baseline
information on the hundreds of small communities in these areas, IFAM
contracted
AITEC to develop a system of data collection and to jointly carry
out this investigation.
AITEC's participation was financed through
loans from
the Agency
for international Development to IFAM for the contracting of
technical
assistance.
Over the two and one-half year life of
the project, the IFAM/AITEC team
developed a
research methodology based on group interviews with community
leaders and
carried out interviews in 860 communities (all of those with a
population of
more than 200). These communities are
located in 56 of the 80
counties of
Costa Rica, and include 96.5% of the surface area and 54% of the
population.
Based on this information, the team prepared
reports including:
1.
community profiles on basic services.
2.
county summaries of social and economic trends and
priority needs for infrastructure
and basic services,
3.
specialized reports on employment, roads, rural industries,
basic services, housing, health
care and educational
facilities, and evaluation, and
4.
a final report indicating the problems of the five
rural regions and presenting a
strategy for the integrated
development of these rural
areas.(1)
Showing the close relationship between
the research program and decision
making, the
reports have been used to:
1.
orient the general policy of IFAM in the rural areas,
2.
aid in the planning efforts of other government agencies,
3.
provide basic information for the selection of road and
infrastructure projects;
4.
provide baseline data for requests to international
agencies for the construction of
farm-to-market roads
and basic services in small
communities
5.
justify an integrated rural development program in two
of these counties to put into
effect the recommendations
in the reports; and,
(1) A
translated and edited version of that report, "Rural Development in
Costa Rica," ACCION/AITEC, 1978 is
available from the AITEC office in
Cambridge, Mass.
6.
provide information on rural conditions to other
researchers.
In addition, national agencies for
planning, economic development,
agriculture,
cooperative extension, health, agrarian reform, and community
development,
who have a pressing need for up-to-date information, have used
these reports
extensively.
PART I
THE RESEARCH
PROJECT
I.
GOALS FOR DEVELOPMENT
Researchers want the findings of their
studies to be used. They also
hope the
projects they recommend will have a positive impact when put into
effect.
To insure that research will be used implies
a conscious strategy
at each step
in the research process which will be detailed below.
To help
insure that
projects based on recommendations will have a positive impact
requires
clearly articulated goals for the development process.
Once goals
have been
defined, the information needed to make recommendations to meet
these goals
is clear.
If efforts to promote rural change are
critically analyzed, we find
that for the
most part these programs have:
1.
favored large farms, industries and towns, thus concentrating
power and eroding the viability of
the labor-absorbing
production of the poor;
2.
fostered capital and energy intensive technology in the
face of unemployment and dwindling
energy resources; and
3.
sped migration to cities where the new migrants often
remain mired in poverty because of
lack of jobs and
services.
We felt strongly that development
programs should counter these trends.
It follows
that information should be collected that would allow projects to
be proposed
that would:
SLOW RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION BY INCREASING
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
AND IMPROVING SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
IN SMALLER COMMUNITIES
WHILE INCREASING THE VIABILITY OF
EXISTING SMALLER FARMS AND
ENTERPRISES AND MAXIMIZING LOCAL PARTICIPATION
IN THE DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS.
Projects that encouraged this set of
development priorities would, we
felt, have
the greatest impact in terms of slowing migration and improving
the level of
living at the lowest cost with the least dislocation of the
rural
population. The wisest strategy to
create more jobs and income is to
use the land
already in production wore intensively given rapidly dwindling
land
resources and a mushrooming rural population.
It is also important to
reach smaller
farms and enterprises because with their more labor-intensive
production,
income is better distributed than if production were concentrated
in larger
units.
To help achieve these goals would require
thousands of small projects in
hundreds of
small communities. A methodology was
needed to determine priority
needs in
these communities rapidly and at low cost.
II.
LINKING RESEARCH WITH ACTION
Much research is carried out, very little
is used. However important
the research
or competent the researcher, findings have little chance of being
implemented
without the active participation and involvement of the sponsoring
institution.
It is naive to work as an isolated
technician and expect that
decisions
will be based on research findings. To
insure the research will be
used, it is
necessary to:
1.
Involve key decision makers to develop a clear understanding
of why the research is being carried
out, what
is to be studied, and how it is to be
used. It is likely
these issues have not been thought
through carefully.
Interest is developed through
participation and the enthusiastic
support of these decision makers is
essential
to insure findings are used.
2.
All groups and agencies that may be able to use the
research should participate in the
design if possible.
This will help develop a demand for
the research findings.
3.
Get to know middle level personnel and solicit their
opinions.
As they ultimately carry out projects, the more
they understand the research and see
it as directly
relevant to their tasks, the more
likely they are to use
it.
4.
Recognize that a large scale research effort takes resources
away from other activities and is
likely to cause jealousy
and hostility.
5.
Keep the findings of the research project continually in
view.
Instead of preparing a single final report, prepare
simpler, smaller reports throughout
the life of the study.
This will develop a continuing and
increasingly sophisticated
interest in the investigation.
6.
Link the investigation to decisions about specific
projects.
Forging these links is difficult and time
consuming as it involves a basic
reorientation in the
decision making process within the
agency. Unless the
research team accomplishes this
linkage, there is little
chance the research findings will be
used at the operational
level.
7.
An important role of the researcher is to educate.
Few
agencies have thought through their
projects' impact on
development.
The way reports are written and presented
and the informal contacts of the
research team with the
agency can help clarify or modify
priorities.
III.
DEFINING THE CONTENT OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT
The specific needs of the institution
tempered with the researcher's
vision of the
goals of the development defines the content of the investigation.
Once this has
been outlined the next problem is to decide on the specific
questions
that will be addressed.
A common error is to collect far more
data than is used. At the same
time, only
the most careful testing will insure that all the data needed is
included.
The questionnaire in Part II is the product
of continuing modification
throughout
the project and since the project was completed.
The specific
questions for
each variable can be checked in part two, it is instructive
however, to
indicate the kind of information that was collected.
Determining
priority
needs for water systems is presented as an example.
Most studies of water systems include
complex calculations on the flow
of water per second,
the size of piping, the adequacy of the distribution, etc.
This
information, which requires a day's visit by an engineer, is needed to
determine the
cost of a proposed project. To merely
determine whether a
community has
a priority need for water much less information is needed.
We
ask first
whether or not the community has a water system.
If so, what
proportion of
the houses have water service. A water
system with insufficient
water or that
functions poorly also has a priority need for improvement.
We
ask the
number of months water was rationed last year and how long the system
was shut down
for maintenance problems. Finally, we
ask if the improvement
of the water
system is considered to be one of the priority needs for
development
in a community and if it is, how the community is willing to
contribute to
the installation of the system.
This information, which may require only
a few minutes to collect, is
adequate to
establish a first approximation of a priority need for this
service.
More complete information would not
significantly improve an ability
to establish
priorities, and would greatly increase the costs of data collection,
coding, and
analysis.
IV.
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It was agreed by IFAM that the study should
focus on a first approximation
of conditions
and the development needs of hundreds of small communities.
Once this was
decided, the first problem was to develop a research methodology
that would
determine these needs at an acceptable level of accuracy while
keeping
within tight budgetary constraints.
Given the need for quick results and the
relatively low level of
training of
those who were to carry out the investigation, the following
methodology
was decided upon:
A SINGLE INTERVIEW WOULD BE COMPLETED
FOR EACH
COMMUNITY THROUGH A CONVERSATION WITH
A GROUP OF
LOCAL PEOPLE CONSIDERED TO "KNOW
THE AREA."
Obviously, it is much faster, and
therefore cheaper, to fill out a
single
questionnaire with a group of people than identify a sample within a
community and
locate and interview these people. This
decision cut down the
time required
to collect information in each community to about three hours.
Since all
information was collected in a single interview, the most time
consuming
part of the interview process, transportation to these isolated
communities
and gathering together a group of people to be interviewed was
sharply
reduced. This interview was
supplemented by observations made by
the
interviewer and census data and other secondary sources of information.
The most controversial part of this
methodology was the collection of
all
information in a single, omnibus questionnaire.
Many believed that:
1.
The information would not be sufficiently accurate, and
2.
information would be biased in favor of an elite within
the community.
The basic hypothesis underlying the group
interview is that a group of
people who
have lived in a community for several years and who are locally
recognized as
"those who know," have an excellent "feel" for community
problems and
conditions. While in a survey the
respondent is asked to
generalize
about himself, his family or his farm or business, here we asked
the group to
generalize about the community. A
typical community group
included the
teacher, large and small farmers, municipal officials, large and
small
businessmen, and community and civic leaders.
We found that the answers
given by the
group are similar to those reported by the census of households
taken the
year before. The household census and
the groups we interviewed
were almost
always in agreement about migration, employment, major crops and
the number of
houses with basic services (the only variables where the
community
survey overlapped with the census).
The criticism that the responses
reflected the opinion of the elite is
also seen to
be invalid, at least in the fairly homogeneous communities of the
Costa Rican
countryside. As indicated before, the
group responses correspond to
the census
data for factual information -- migration, basic services, etc.;
they also
correspond very closely to opinions in the one area where we had
comparable
data -- the perception of priority community problems.
The ordering of community problems was
the same in these interviews
as with a
random survey of 1,500 household heads taken three years before,
with roads
being the most frequently mentioned problem, followed by water,
electricity,
education.
Indeed, we felt some of the data collected
was more accurate when
asked of a
group of knowledgeable people than if asked of a random sample of respondents.
The
respondents were locally recognized as responsible and as
worthy of
confidence. Also, since the interview
was held in a group, a
consensus was
reached and "wild" responses were avoided.
Additionally,
the group was
asked only to generalize about conditions within the community;
questions
were not asked about one's family farm or business so there was less
temptation to
distort information. This is a problem
in many developing
countries
since the researcher is often confused for a tax collector.
The major disadvantage of group
interviews is that accuracy decreases
as the size
of the community increases. We estimate
that a well selected
group can
give accurate responses for a community as large as 1,500 to 2,000
inhabitants.
Care must be also taken to get a truly
representative sample of
respondents.
In Costa Rica, every effort was made to
include small farmers,
businessmen
and teachers in the group interviewed.
This ensured that one
respondent or
another would know the answers to all the questions.
V.
USE OF SECONDARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Secondary sources can simplify data
collection and provide a wider
range of information
but these sources are often under-utilized or overlooked
and too many
studies needlessly cover the same ground.
The availability and
reliability
of secondary sources of information varies greatly from country
to
country. These are the secondary
sources of information used in the
investigation
in Costa Rica. It is likely similar
sources will be available
in other
countries:
1.
Census: Data from the 1973
population, housing and
agriculture census was available when
the study began.
Census data was stored on computer
tapes so information
could be requested at the community,
district or
county level.
Census data was used to specify:
a.
Existing conditions: number of
inhabitants, levels
of education, employment, agricultural production,
land use and levels of basic
services, etc.
b.
Establish trends: e.g. between
1963 and 1973
censuses.
c.
Make comparisons: between
districts, counties,
regions and urban and rural
areas, etc.
Census data complemented the community
interviews. Community leaders
would report
if employment conditions were improving or worsening and why this
was
occurring; the census would indicate the percentage employed.
Community
leaders could
indicate if the water system was functioning or not, or if
there were
maintenance problems; the census indicated the number of houses
that had
piped-in water.
Although up-to-date census information is
useful, it is not indispensable
for the type
of reports we are discussing here and the system as presented in
Part Two
assumes no secondary data will be available.
It is rare to find data
as up-to-date
and accurate as in Costa Rica:
2.
Maps: The good maps available in
Costa Rica also facilitated
the investigation.
Census maps indicated the
number of houses in each community
which helped us to
select the sample of communities to
be studied. These
maps also indicated the existing road
network which provided
a good reference point for the study
of priority
needs for farm-to-market roads.
3.
Population Projections:
Population and age profile projections
provided a base line to calculate the
number of
jobs that would need to be created in
the future and
allowed us to set goals for economic
development.
4.
Land Use Potential: Comparing
land use potential with
actual land use as reported in the
census indicated the
degree to which agricultural
production could potentially
be expanded and intensified.
5.
Labor Requirements for Agricultural Crops:
The number
of jobs in the agricultural sector
that could be
created under varying land uses could be estimated
with this information.
6.
Agency Reports: The location of
facilities or projects
is usually adequate.
7.
Other Specialized Reports: Many
specialized studies
have been generally compiled in areas of interest to
the investigation such as marketing,
credit, agricultural
production, or basic services.
VI.
QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING
Once the content of investigation is
specified and a research methodology
is decided
upon and the availability of secondary information is determined,
the next
problem is to develop and test the community questionnaire.
These
guidelines
can avoid many potential problems:
1.
Carefully check the questionnaire with the agreed upon
content of the study and the
availability of secondary
data.
It may become evident that some information cannot
be collected or that the form in
which it can be
collected is different from that
agreed upon.
2.
Avoid the temptation to add questions thus complicating
data collection and coding, and
leaving less
time for report writing, which is
usually more time
consuming than expected.
It is usually better to
cut questions than to add them.
3.
Certain questions are unsuitable for group interviews
and should be avoided:
a.
specific quantities, i.e., pounds of beans produced,
numbers of industries, number of
inhabitants;
b.
specialized knowledge unlikely to be shared by
a group, i.e., problems
concerning specific industries,
or the type of water distribution
system;
c.
information about attitudes: do
the people in
this community, for example, feel
that things
are getting better, worse, or
staying the same.
d.
Also be careful of questions that are:
o
too vague
o combine two
questions into one
o
indicate too many choices
o
are too long.
A good questionnaire should resemble a
conversation -- the words used
should
reflect the vocabulary of the people interviewed.
Once a draft of the questionnaire is
ready, it should be tested. The
first tests
should be completed by the study director; errors can usually be
detected by
seeing which questions are not understood.
Once a workable
questionnaire
is written, it should be tested by the interviewers.
Interviewers
should be
quizzed concerning the problems with each question.
The questionnaire
should be
tested and retested until the study director is comfortable with it.
VII.
ADMINISTERING THE RESEARCH PROJECT
Good administration of the project is as
important as a good research
design.
Good administration involves at least eight
points:
1.
Maintain good relations with the sponsoring agency at all
levels.
Good relations determine in large part if the
research will be used or not.
2.
Hire new personnel carefully even though there is considerable
time pressure.
Carefully check references and
listen carefully to the opinions of
the people you trust
about the suitability of candidates.
3.
Reward good employees with increased responsibility.
The outstanding coder can become the
supervisor of coding.
New positions can be created as
responsibility is progressively
delegated and the research gets into
full
swing.
4.
Be well organized. Everyone
should have more than enough
to do and accuracy and speed should
be rewarded. Poor
organization invariably leads to low
morale.
5.
Keep the work interesting.
6.
Work to develop a sense of what Costa Ricans call
"mistica" - a sense of
mission in the research team.
7.
Keep all materials meticulously organized.
This will
save time in the long run.
8.
Use your time wisely and delegate responsibility.
While
virtually all the directors time at
the beginning will
be occupied with training, setting up
coding systems, and
administering personnel, these
activities must rapidly
be delegated to provide time to supervise data analysis,
write reports and make presentations.
VIII.
TRAINING
Good training is the foundation for
accurate data and high quality
reports.
Three groups must be trained:
interviewers, coders, and analysts.
1.
Interviewers: It is likely those
available to work as
interviewers will have little
experience. Those interviewers
with some experience will still need
some training.
The first step of training should be
combined with selection.
Interviewers should be hired for a
one-month
probationary period and should be let
go if they are:
a.
undisciplined in the field or in the office,
b.
consistently make errors,
c.
write illegibly,
d.
falsify data, and
e.
lack a real interest or motivation for the job.
Interviewers should be high-school
graduates; some
university experience is preferable.
The best training for interviewers is
practice; lectures on
social science research or
interviewing will not in themselves
produce good interviewers.
This training sequence was found
useful in Costa Rica:
a. Introduction to
how the information is to be
used and an orientation to the
sponsoring institution.
b.
Completion of a questionnaire with trainer taking
the role of the interviewer and
respondent. Common
interviewer problems should be
role-played
and discussed.
c.
Division into teams of two with each trainee
taking the role alternatively
of interviewer and
respondent.
Interviews are then checked by trainers
and errors are discussed.
Later, each trainee completes
an interview before the group
with a trainer
acting as respondent.
d.
Visits to nearby communities are taken to complete
interviews.
Trainers should observe each interview
and interviews should be
thoroughly checked
and all errors discussed.
By this time, interviewers should be
ready to collect data
in the field. Interviews
from each day should be checked by
field supervisors.
An on-going problem is to get good responses
to open-ended questions.
The need to probe and
write down complete responses should
be continually emphasized.
By this time, interviewers should be
ready to collect data
in the field.
Interviews from each day should be checked
by
field supervisors.
An on-going problem is to get good responses
to open-ended questions.
The need to probe and
write down complete responses should
be continually emphasized.
2.
Coders: Good data from the field
is of little value if it is
not properly coded.
a.
Like the interviewers, coders should be on probation
until they have shown their
capacity to code and tabulate
rapidly and accurately.
Coding is often boring
and tedious -- few people are
able to code well.
b.
The first task of the coders is to recheck interviews
from the field.
This work should be revised until a
high level of accuracy is
reached.
c.
Since the questionnaire is long and complex, coding
should be broken into sections.
Information for the
community profile report is
simple to code and provides
training for the more complex
codes of the
cantonal summary.
(See Section Two for Community
Coding/Community Profile).
Coding for each new section
should be thoroughly
explained by the coding
supervisor or study director
and work should be carefully
checked.
d.
All coding should be done twice to ensure a high
level of accuracy.
e.
The most able coder should be given the most complex
coding and tabulating jobs and
more supervisory responsibility.
3.
Analysts: Training for analysts
should begin by supervising
interviews in the field.
Only in this way will they thoroughly
understand the study and develop
"a feel" about conditions in
rural communities.
Through considerable trial and error we
found that the best use of the
analysts time occurred when
the analysts were required to follow
a detailed outline of
the report they were to write.
Once the studies were well
outlined by the study director, the
analysts were found capable
of writing good reports rapidly.
All work was carefully
revised and analysts were required to
rewrite their county
summaries until an acceptable level
of quality was reached
and between two and four rewrites
were usually required for
the first report; quality in subsequent reports improved
considerably
and revisions were reduced to one or
two.
IX.
CONCLUSIONS
This manual is practical, and we hope,
useful. Though all research projects
are
different, parts of the questionnaire, the coding system, and the reports
format should
be useful. The questionnaire, the
coding sheets and report formats
can easily be
modified to incorporate new information.
Looking over the calm order of this
manual, it is easy to forget the
chaos and
uncertainty of administering a major research project.
Expect the
totally
unexpected. Once, the jeeps needed for
transporting the interviewers
were recalled
for a month during the few precious months of the dry season;
another time
an interview team was thrown into jail because of a misunderstanding
with one of
the rural policemen. In this respect,
all research projects are
unique and
challenging.
The section which follows presents the
questionnaire, the code book, the
formats, and
the outlines of the county summaries and community profiles.
By
closely
following this guide it should be possible to mount a similar research
program.
QUESTIONNAIRE
COMPLETED
QUESTIONNAIRE #
Date:
By:
QUESTIONNAIRE
APPROVED
QUESTIONNAIRE CODED
Date:
Date:
By:
By:
COMMUNITY QUESTIONNAIRE
Interviewer:
____________________
Community:
____________________
District:
____________________
County:
____________________
Respondents:
Name
Occupation
MIGRATION
1.
How many people have moved to this community
in the last five years?
Many
______ Some
_____
A few ______
None
______
1.1
Where do most of them come from?
Around here _______
(SPECIFY) ________________________________
From other parts of the country
__________ (SPECIFY) _________
1.2
Why have they moved here?______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2.
How many have left this community to live
somewhere else in the last
five years?
Many
_______ Some
______
A few ______
None
_____
2.1
Where do most of them go?
Near here
_________ (SPECIFY)
______________________________
To other parts of the country
_______
(SPECIFY) ____________
_______________________________________________________________
2.2
Why have they left here?
_____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
(1)
Migration "from other parts of the
country" usually indicates attractiveness
of area to colonization.
Emigration "to other parts" often
indicates employment
opportunities have not kept pace with
population increase.
EMPLOYMENT
3.
How hard is it to find permanent employment
here? (Not seasonal work)
Very hard
_____ Hard
______
Fairly easy ____
3.1
Why?
_________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4.
How many people here are looking for work
and can't find it?
Many
_____ Some
____
A few ____
None
___
5.
Compared to five years ago, is there more
work, less work, or the
the same amount of work?
More
_____ Less
______
Same _____
5.1(1)
Why is there (more/less) work now?(1)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
(3) & (4)
deal with difficulty in finding work now; (5) establishes trends.
(1) Reasons given for more work now in
Costa Rica: new farms, better
marketing, more and better roads, new
industries, more access to credit,
more agricultural production (as
opposed to more cattle production).
Reasons given for less work in Costa
Rica: more mechanization of
agriculture, higher salaries expansion
of cattle-raising at the
expense of agriculture, little work
available to clear land as all
available land is in production,
disappearance of non-agricultural
work.
SEASONAL MIGRATION
6.
Are there people in this community who leave
every year to work?
(in the harvest or some other activity)
Yes
______
No _____
6.1
How many leave? Many
________
Some ______
A few
_________
6.2
Where do most of them go?
To neighboring areas?
_______
(SPECIFY) ____________________
To other parts of the country?
_______
(SPECIFY) ___________
_______________________________________________________________
6.3
Compared to five year ago, do more
_________ less
______
or
the same number
______
leave?
SALARIES
7.
What is the daily wage of an agricultural
worker in this area?
_________ daily (NOT SPECIALIZED WORKERS
WHO EARN MORE).
7.1
For how many hours?________
7.2
Does this include:
yes no
food
______________________________________
housing ___________________________________
land for growing own food
_________________
(6) A high
number leaving for seasonal work "in other parts of the country,"
indicates insufficient employment
generated through local production.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
8.
Which is more important in this area:
beef cattle, dairy
cattle or agriculture?
Type of Production
Order 1, 2, 3
No significant
production
beef cattle
dairy cattle
agriculture
8.1
IF MENTIONED BEEF CATTLE: In the
last five years, has the
importance of beef cattle production
increased or decreased here?
Increased
_____ Decreased
_____
No change _________
8.1a
Why has the importance of beef cattle production increased
(or decreased)?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
8.2
IF MENTIONED DAIRY PRODUCTION:
In the last five years, has the
importance of dairy cattle increased
or decreased here?
Increased
_____ Decreased
______
No change _________
8.2a
Why has the importance of dairy products increased (or
decreased)?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
(8) Indicates basic trends in production and
the factors related
to these changes.
8.3
IF MENTIONED AGRICULTURE: In the
last five years, has the
importance of agriculture increased
or decreased here?
Increased
_____ Decreased
_____
No change ____
8.3a
Why has the importance of agriculture increased (or
decreased)?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
9.
Which are the three main crops grown near
here?
9.1 Which is the most
important?
the second most
important? Note in 9.2
the third most important?
9.2
How much is sold commercially?
Sold Commercial
Product
almost more than
less than
little
all
half
half
1.
2.
3.
(8.1a),
(8.2a) & (8.3a) Reasons for increase given in Costa Rica:
more credit, more land, favorable terrain
and climate, low
salaries, greater demand,
low costs in general,
good prices, sufficient
labor, good roads,
more technical assistance.
Reasons for
decrease: Lack of credit, lack of
land, unfavoarable
terrain and climate, high
salaries, less demand,
high costs in general,
low prices,
insufficient labor, poor roads.
inadequate technical
assistance.
9.3
Are any of these crops more important now
than five years ago?
yes _____
no
_____
9.3a
Which crop has increased most in importance?
_______________
_____________________________________________________________
9.3b
Why?
_______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
(9.3)
Indicates basic trends in production and the
factors related to these
things.
10.
Do you have a (name of facility) here?
IF FACILITY EXISTS:
10.1
Does (name of facility) have excess capacity, or is the size about
right, or is it too
small?
10.2
Is (name of facility) in good condition or poor condition?
10.3
Is what is (stored/processed/marketed) sold maily around here,
throughout the
country or abroad?
Facility(*)
Number No
Capacity
Condition
Where principally sold
Excess Adequate
Lacking
Good Poor
Local
National Export
- Municipal
market
-
Slaughterhouse
- Meat
packing plant
- Milk
cooling/storage
- Rice huller
- Grain dryer
- Coffee
collecting
station
- etc.
(*)
Examples of types of facilities.
An exhaustive list should be developed
depending on what is locally produced.
(10) With
this information, an up to date listing of most all processing storage and
marketing facilities can be
obtained that also indicate if these
facilities are adequate for local production, their state of repair,
and whether there are oriented to the
strictly local or national and international market.
11.
Are any other facilities needed to process
or store what is
produced here?
yes _____
no
_____
11.1
IF YES, SPECIFY
____________________________________________
11.1a
Why? (What happens now because
this facility does not
exist or needs to be
expanded?) _____________________
______________________________________________________
Any others?
yes
____ no
_____
IF YES, SPECIFY
_____________________________________
Why?
________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
INDUSTRY
12.
Is there a
____________________________
(saw mill, etc.) here?
MARK IN THE
BOX "QUANTITY" THE NUMBER OF INDUSTRIES OF EACH TYPE.
ASK IF
PRODUCT IS
PRINCIPALLY SOLD LOCALLY (L), NATIONALLY (N) OR IS PRINCIPALLY
FOR EXPORT
(EXP).
Where Product
is sold principally
(*)Type
of Local
National
Export
Industry
No
Quantity (L)
(N)
(EXP) Comments
Sawmill
Machine
shop
Box
factory
(*) Develop a
comprehensive list based on types of industries
that exist in rural areas.
The following industries are commonly
present in rural Costa Rica:
a.
Construction materials: brick
factory, concrete blocks. gravel
pit, saw mill, etc.
b.
Manufacturing: foundaries, metal
working shop, clothing factory,
box factory, shoe factory, etc.
c.
Artisan: dress maker, tailor,
show maker, jeweler, musical instruments,
etc.
13.
Other than the processing facilities
mentioned before, are
there any other industries that should be
developed here?
yes
_____ no
_____
13.1
IF YES, WHICH ONES?
13.2
Why? (Resource available, urgent
demand, etc.)
Industry
Reason
____________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
____________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
____________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
(11)
Provides a prelimiary listing of the
priority needs for
improved processing, storage and
marketing facilities.
(12)
Provides comprehensive list of all
industries in rural
areas.
If product is sold locally, this usually indicates
a small cottage industry.
Industries oriented to the
national and international markets are
larger and more
sophisticated.
ROADS AND TRANSPORTATION
14.
Where do People generally go to buy the
things they can't buy here?
____________________
___________________
__________________
Community
District County
14.1
How do they get there?
14.2
How long does it take? (In cases
of roads, specify by cargo
trucks)
Time of Transport
Access
Dry season
Rainy season
Paved road
Indicate surface of
Gravel
road road as it enters
community
Dirt road
Path or trail
Railroad
Boat, canoe
Airplane
15.
Is there scheduled (bus, rail, boat, air)
service to PLACE INDICATED IN
#14?
yes ______
no
______
15.1
IF YES, How often?
____
bus (or other motorized
_____ daily/weekly departures
vehicle)
____ railroad
_____
daily/weekly departures
____
boat
_____ daily/weekly departures
____
airplane
_____ daily/weekly departures
(14)
Indicates spheres on influence of market
towns. Could indicate where
services should be located to influence
a large area.
(14.1,
14.2,) Specifies transportation and
communication network.
16.
Is there a public phone here?
yes
____ no
____
17.
Is there phone service to individual
homes? yes
____ no
____
18.
Is there telegraph service?
yes
____
no ____
BASIC SERVICES
WATER SOURCES
19.
Does drinking water here come from:
MARK ALL SOURCES INDICATED:
Sufficient amount all year?
yes
no
sufficient insufficient
Wells
Rivers or creeks
Irrigation ditches
Springs
Brought from other
communities in tanks
Rain water collected
Other (Specify)
(15, 16, 17,
18) Specifies transportation and
communication network.
WATER SYSTEM
20.
Is water piped into homes here?
(A WATER SYSTEM, NOT ONE OR TWO
HOUSES)
yes
____ no
____
20.1
How many homes have piped-in water?
all or almost all
______
most _____
some
_____ a
few ______
20.2
IF YES, Who operates the system?
community _____
municipality
_____
national water service
_______
21.
Did all the houses have enough water last
year?
yes ____
no
____
21.1
How many months was water rationed last year?
_______
22.
Did the water service break down last
year? (due to maintenance
problems or the need for repair?)
yes
_____ no
_____
22.1
IF THE RESPONSE Is POSITIVE, For how long?
_________________
22.2
What was the problem?
___________________________________
__________________________________________________________
23.
Is there a plan approved for the
(construction/improvement) of the
water system?
yes _____
no
______
IF THE RESPONSE IS POSITIVE,
23.1
a. Who is sponsoring it?
________________________________
b.
How many houses will be served when it is completed?
all or almost all
_____ most
_____
some ______
few
_____
c.
When will it be completed?
_____________________________
(20, 20.1,
21, 21.1, 22, 22.1, 23, 23.1b) are objective measures to
determine priority needs for water
service. Other information
is descriptive.
ELECTRIC SERVICE
24.
Does this community have electric
service? yes
_____ no
_____
IF THE RESPONSE IS POSITIVE,
24.1
Who operates it? a.
community
_____
b.
municipality
_____
c.
national electricity service
_____
d.
other (specify)
__________________
25.
How many homes have electric service?
all or almost all
_____
most
_____ some
______
few ______
26.
Is there enough electricity when the system
is working well?
yes _____
no
_____
27.
Is the system part of a larger network
______
or is power produced
here
_____ ?
27.1
IF PRODUCED IN THE COMMUNITY, is it hydroelectric
______
or diesel
______ ?
28.
IF HYDROELECTRIC, Did the electric system
shut down or reduce its
capacity in the last year due to lack of
water? yes ____
no ____
28.1
IF THE RESPONSE IS YES, For how long?
______________________
29.
Was the service reduced or shut down for
maintenance or some other
problem?
yes
____
no ____
29.1
IF THE RESPONSE IS YES, For how long?
__________________________
29.2
What was the problem?
__________________________________________
(24, 25, 26,
28, 28.1, 29, 29.1, 30, 30.1b) are objective measures to
determine priority needs for electrical
service. Other information
is descriptive.
30.
Is there a plan approved for the
(construction/improvement) of the
electric system?
yes
____
no _____
30.1
IF THE RESPONSE IS YES, a. Who
is sponsoring it?
_____________________________________________________________
b.
How many houses will be served
when it is completed?
All or almost all
____ Most
______
Some _______
Few
_____
c.
When will it be completed?
________
____________________________________________________________
31.
Are there public street lights?
yes
______ no
__________
31.1
IF YES, In the center or throughout the community?
center
_____
throughout
______
SANITARY SERVICE
32.
How many homes have a toilet or a
latrine? All or almost all
____
Most
_____ Some
_____
Few _____
Very few or none
___
GARBAGE COLLECTION
33.
Is there garbage collection here?
yes
____ no
_____
33.1
IF YES,Is garbage collected only in the center
_____________
or throughout the community?
_______________________________
PUBLIC STREETS
34.
SPECIFY TYPE OF PUBLIC STREETS.
34.1
SPECIFY MAINTENANCE FOR EACH TYPE.
34.2
SPECIFY SURFACE OF PUBLIC STREETS MOST FOUND IN THE
CENTER OF TOWN AND OUTSIDE THE
CENTER.
Type
Good
Regular Poor
Most in
Outside
(few holes)
(some holes)
(many holes) Center
the Center
Paved
Grave
Dirt
HEALTH
35.
Which health services does your community
have?
(*)Health Services
yes
no Comments
1.
Hospital
2.
Clinic
3.
Health post
4.
Laboratory
5.
Drugstore
6.
Mobile health unit (arrives)
7.
Ambulance (based in community)
8.
Doctor
9.
Dentist
10.
Nurse
11.
Midwife
12.
Health inspector (arrives)
13.
Malaria eradication team (arrives)
(*) Modify
according to local conditions.
36.
In case of an emergency or major illness,
where do people generally
go to get help?
Name of Institution ______________________________
Location _________________________________________
36.1
How much time does it take to travel to (NAME OF INSTITUTION IN
QUESTION #36?
Dry season ______
Rainy season _______
36.2
How do people usually get there? ____________________________
(ON FOOT, HORSE, BUS, BOAT,
AIRPLANE, RAILROAD, ETC.)
36.3
In case of an emergency is transportation available?
Always ______ Sometimes ______
Rarely _____
37.
Is there a high school here?
yes _____
no _____
38.
Is there a grade school here?
yes _____
no _____
39.
Does any grade school need:
yes
no Name of school(s)
major repair?
an addition?
or be rebuilt?
(36, 36.1, 36.2,
36.3) Indicates sphere of influence of major health
care facilities and problems of reaching
facilities.
(39) Provides
preliminary listing of need to improve schools.
40.
Which of these agencies worked here last
year? (PUBLIC MEETING,
WORKED WITH INDIVIDUAL, STARTED PROJECT).
(*) AGENCY
yes
no Comments
Agricultural Extension
Cooperative Development
Social Welfare
Public Works
Agrarian Reform
Training Institute
National Purchasing Agency
Community Development Office
Municipal Development Office
(*) Examples from Costa Rica.
41.
Has the municipal government completed a
project here in the last two
years?
yes _____ no
_______
41.1
SPECIFY ____________________________________________________
(40)
Indicates which governmental agencies have effectively
projected themselves into rural areas.
RECREATION
42.
Does this community have a ....
FACILITY
yes
no
1.
Plaza
2.
Park
3.
Sports field
4.
Other athletic
areas/buildings
(SPECIFY SPORT)
5.
Community meeting
hall
6.
Library
7.
Other recreational
facilities
(SPECIFY)
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS
43.
Does this community have a ....
(*) COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
yes
no
School Committee
Community Development Association
etc.
(*) List types of community organizations
that
exist in rural areas.
43.1
Which organization would most likely sponsor a community
betterment project?
________________________________________
43.2
Which projects were carried out by community organizations
last year? _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
AGRICULTURAL
PROBLEMS
44.
What are the problems of small farmers here?
______________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(43, 43.2)
Serves to educate government of the great importance of local
organizations in solving community
problems.
(43.1)
Specifies group to be contacted.
(44)
Indicates general problems of small farmers.
Later questions specify
each issue.
The following problems were mentioned in Costa
Rica:
High price or lack of insecticides, herbicides, chemical fertilizers
and seed; lack of and high price of tools
and machinery;
lack of credit; lack of economic
resources; lack of land; lack of
roads; lack of/or high price of
transportation; lack of technical
assistance; low prices for products; over
production; lack of markets
to sell products.
CREDIT
45.
In this community is there a ....
(* )Credit Source
yes
no
Bank
An agency of
the National Production Council
that extends credit for farming
A cooperative that loans money for
farming
(*) Examples from Costa Rica
46.
When a small farmer here needs credit to
work, where is he most
likely to get it?
_________________________________________________
46.1
What other sources of credit are used for agricultural production
by small farmers here?
_____________________________________
46.2
What problems does the small farmer face when he tries to
obtain credit from (SPECIFY ANSWER IN QUESTION #46)?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
46.3
What problems does the small farmer face when trying to
obtain credit from (SPECIFY ANSWER
IN QUESTION #46.1)?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
(46) In Costa
Rica the following sources of credit exist:
Bank, Cooperatives
National Production Council, private moneylenders,
large farm owners,
store owners, intermediaries.
(46.2) In
Costa Rica the following types of problems were mentioned:
GUARANTEES:
Difficulties in getting co-signers; lack of land
titles, etc.
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES:
Excessive red tape; slowness
in getting money.
AVAILABILITY:
Credit not available.
CREDIT
SOURCES DO NOT EXIST OR SERVICE 15 TOO
FAR AWAY. INTEREST:
High
interest rates, etc.
MARKETING
47.
IN THE FOLLOWING TABLE, SPECIFY THE THREE
PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS
INDICATED IN QUESTION #9.
READ THE CATEGORIES AND MARK THOSE
THAT ARE MOST USED FOR THE PRODUCT.
What system of marketing is most used
here for:
Sold directly
Producer
to a
packer, Sold to
brings
refinery,
Sold to
national own crop
Sold to
processor,
Coopera- buying
to market
Product
Intermediary etc.
tive
Agency to sell
47.1
Beef cattle
47.2
Milk
47.3
47.4
47.5
48.
What problems does the small farmer have
selling his products?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
LAND
49.
What size are most of the farms here?
Small ________ Medium ______
Large _____
50.
In this community are there:
(Order from the category with the most
to that with the least).
Categories
yes
no order
Private farms with land titles
Private farms without land titles
Farmers who only rent their land
Sharecroppers
51.
Are these problems here?
(*) Aspects of Problem
A problem?
Intensity of the problem
yes no
very serious
serious light
a)
Lack of land titles
b)
Land owned by foreigners
c)
Lack of land to cultivate
d)
Land increasingly concentrated
in the hands of a small
minority
Perception of Community Problems
52.
What are the important community problems
here?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(*) Could be
other problems
53.
Of these, which are the two most urgent
problems to solve in your
community?
53.1
What help can the community give to solve these problems?
Problem
Help from community
______________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
______________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
BUSINESS
54.
Which of these businesses do you have here?
Business
Number
1.
Supermarket
2.
Small grocery store
3.
Vegetable store
4.
Butcher shop
5.
Restaurant
6.
Other eating establishments
7.
Hardware store
(52, 53)
These perceived community needs are combined with the objective
measures mentioned earlier (water,
electricity, etc) or with the
observations on access roads to establish
the priority
needs for community development.
54.
continued ...
Business
8.
Agricultural supply store
9.
Machine shop (agricultural
and industrial)
10.
Gas station
11.
Construction materials/
Building supplies
12.
General store
13.
Clothing and fabric store
14.
Furniture store
15.
Barber shop
16.
Shoe store (where only shores
and leather articles are
sold
17.
Jewelry store
18.
Beauty salon
19.
Dance hall
20.
Bar
21.
Movie theatre
22.
Pool and billiard hall
23.
Book/stationery store
24.
Hotel
25.
Rooming house
26.
Funeral home
27.
Photography studio
28.
Others (Specify)
(54) Number
and type of business indicate size and importance of
community.
OBSERVATION
Observer
____________
Date
____________
Community ____________
District
____________
County
____________
A.
Type of Population:
_____(a)
Strong central nucleus - homes and businesses concentrated
in small central areas.
_____(b)
Small nucleus of homes and businesses with disbursed houses.
_____(c)
No nucleus of homes and businesses.
_____(d)
Linear - most homes and businesses on highway or near railroad
tracks (station) but large
center of shops and homes.
_____(e)
Linear - small nucleus of homes and businesses.
_____(f)
Linear - no nucleus of homes and businesses.
B.
_____
Number of densely settled blocks. ______
Comments
____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
(A, B)
Indicator of community size and community type.
Other sources
of information, census data, school
census, etc.
Principal Access
Observer ______________________
Date
______________________
DETERMINE FROM TALK WITH COMMUNITY LEADERS
1.
Major Access to this community is from?
Community _________________
District
_________________
County
_________________
1.1
Time last year road closed to cargo trucks _______________
2.
Information not collected:
Road impassable ______
No road access:
Specify type of access
Type
Time(*)
(*) Time interview team
needed to arrive in
Trail
community
Boat
Train
Airplane
3.
Access by road
Odometer
Total
Surface
from
to Distance
Paved
All weather gravel
Gravel
Dirt
Ruts or tracks
TOTAL
(C) Detailed
information on principal road access to establish priorities.
Improved roads are the most frequently
mentioned community problem, so
it is important to get good information.
4.
Time: Begun ________
Ended ________
Total _______
5.
Fords:
Severity
Number
No difficulty
Some difficulty
Major obstacle
6.
Rating:
Good (year round access with little
reduction in speed)
Average (year round access possible
but at reduced speed)
Poor (year round access difficult or impossible at times
greatly reduced speed)
Marginal (dangerous, access very
difficult, road closed
for months each year)
7.
Comments: _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
CODE BOOK
A.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRENDS
Coder __________________
Date ______________
Community ___________
Approved _______________
Date ______________
County ______________
Region ______________
Question
Code
1.
Many = 3; some = 2; a few = 1; none = 0.
1.1
Around here = 1; other parts = 0.
1.1
Specify location.
1.2
Responsibility of analyst.(1)
2.
Many = 3; Some = 2; a few = 1; none = 0.
2.1
Near here = 1; other parts = 0.
2.1
Specify location.
2.2
Responsibility of analyst.
3.
Very hard = 3; hard = 2; fairly easy = 1.
3.1
Responsibility of analyst.
4.
Many = 3; Some = 2; a few = 1; none = 0.
5.
More = 3; less = 2; same = 1.
5.1
Responsibility of analyst.
6.
Yes = 1; no = 0.
6.1
Many = 3; some = 2; a few = 1.
(1) Analyst
will analyze all open ended responses and include
analysis in county level reports.
6.2
Neighboring areas = 1; other parts = 0.
6.2
Specify location.
6.3
More = 3; less = 2; same number = 1.
7.
Daily wage.
7.1
Number of hours.
7.2
Food: yes = 1;
no = 0.
7.2
Housing: yes =
1; no = 0.
7.2
Land for growing own food:
yes = 1; no = 0.
8
1st: beef
cattle = 3; dairy cattle = 2;
agriculture = 1; no significant production = 0.
8
2nd: beef
cattle = 3; dairy cattle = 2;
agriculture = 1; no
significant production = 0.
8
3rd: beef
cattle = 3; dairy cattle = 2;
agriculture = 1; no significant production =
0.
8.1
Increased = 3; Decreased = 2; No change = 1.
8.la
Responsibility of analyst
8.2
Increased = 3; Decreased = 2; No change = 1.
8.2a
Responsibility of analyst.
8.3
Increased = 3; Decreased = 2; No change = 1.
8.3a
Responsibility of analyst.
9.1
Most important crop.
9.2
Almost all = 3; more than half = 2; less than
half = 1; little = 0.
9.1
Second most important crop
9.2
Almost all = 3; more than half = 2; less than
half = 1; little = 0.
9.1
Third most important crop.
9.2
Almost all = 3; more than half =2; less than
half = 1; little = 0.
9.3
yes = 1; no = 0;
9.3a
Specify
9.3b
Responsibility of analyst.
10
10.1
Code on tabulation form.
(2)
10.2
10.3
11.1,
11.1a
Responsibility of analyst.
12
Code on tabulation form.
13,
13.1,
Responsibility of analyst.
13.2
B.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES
Coder __________________
Date ______________
Community ___________
Approved _______________
Date ______________
County ______________
Region ______________
Question
Code
14.
Community, District, County
14.1
Airplane = 7; boat, canoe = 6; railroad = 5
path or trail = 4; dirt
road = 3; gravel road = 2;
paved road = 1.
14.2
Not at county level.(3)
(2) It has
been found that certain questions such as #10 that have
a long list of alternatives are easier and
more accurately
translated directly onto work sheets.
(3) Indicates
data is only included at level of community profile
and is not used in county level report.
15.
Yes = 1; no = 0.
15.
Bus = 4; railroad = 3; boat = 2; airplane = 1.
15.1
More than 1 per day = 4; 1 per day = 3; more than 2 per
week = 2; fewer than 2 per
week = 1.
16.
Yes = 1; no = 0.
17.
Yes = 1; no = 0.
18.
Yes = 1; no = 0.
19.
Not at county level.
20.
yes = 1; no = 0.
20.1
All = 4; most = 3; some = 2; a few = 1.
20.2
Community = 3; muncipality = 2; national water service =
1
21.
yes = 1; no = 0.
21.1
If not, indicate months.
22.
yes = 1; no = 0.
22.1
Indicate.
22.2
Not in county report.
23.
Yes = 1; no = 0.
23.1A
Not in county report.
23.1B
All = 4; most = 3; some = 2; few = 1.
23.1C
Not in county report.
24.
yes = 1; no = 0.
24.1
Not in county report.
25.
All, most all = 4; most = 3; some = 2; few = 1.
26.
yes 1; no = 0.
27.
larger network = 1; power produced here = 0
27.1
hydroelectric = 1; diesel = 0.
28.
not in county report.
28.1
not in county report.
29.
yes = 1; no = 0.
29.1
Indicate time.
29.2
not in county report.
30.
yes = 1; no = 0.
30.1a
not in county report.
30.1b
all, most all = 4; most = 3; some = 2; few = 1.
30.1c
not in county report.
31.
yes = 1; no = 0.
31.1
not in county report.
32.
all, most all = 4; most = 3;
some = 2; few = 1; very
few/none = 0.
33.
yes = 1; no = 0.
33.1
throughout = 1; center only = 0.
34.1
In center: paved
= 2; gravel = 1; dirt = 0.
34.1
Repair:
good = 2; regular = 1; poor = 0.
34.2
Outside Center : paved = 2; gravel = 1; dirt = 0.
34.2
Repair: good =
2; regular = 1; poor = 0.
35.
Code on tabulation sheet.
36.
name/location
36.1
Time / rainy season.
36.2
Type of transportation.
36.3
Always = 3; sometimes = 2; rarely = 1.
37.
yes = 1; no = 0.
38.
yes = 1; no = 0.
39.
Repaired: yes =
1; no = 0.
39.
Addition: yes =
1; no = 0.
39.
Rebuilt: yes =
1; no = 0.
40.
Code on tabulation sheet.
41.
Yes = 1; no = 0.
41.1
Specify.
42.
Code on tabulation sheet.
43.
Code on tabulation sheet.
43.1
Indicate.
43.2
Indicate
C.
PROBLEMS OF SMALL FARMERS AND COMMUNITY
PROBLEMS
Coder __________________
Date ______________
Community ___________
Approved _______________
Date ______________
County ______________
Region ______________
Question
Code
44.
Responsibility of analyst.
45.
Bank: yes = 1;
no = 0.
45.
Production Council:
yes = 1; no = 0.
45.
Cooperative:
yes = 1; no = 0.
46.
Indicate.
46.1
Indicate.
46.2
Responsibility of analyst.
46.3
Responsibility of analyst.
47.1
Intermediary = 4; packer = 3; cooperative = 2;
national agency = 1; direct
to market = 0.
47.2
Intermediary = 4; packer = 3; cooperative = 2;
national agency = 1; direct
to market = 0.
47.3
Name most important crop.
47.3
Intermediary = 4; packer = 3; cooperative = 2;
national agency = 1; direct
to market = 0.
47.4
Name second most important crop.
47.4
Intermediary = 4; packer = 3; cooperative = 2;
national agency = 1; direct
to market = 0.
47.5
Name third most important crop.
47.5
Intermediary = 4; packer = 3; cooperative = 2;
national agency = 1; direct
to market = 0.
48.
Responsibility
of analyst.
Question
Code
49.
Small = 2;
Medium = 1; large = 0.
50.
First:
private titles = 4; private no title = 3;
rent = 2;
sharecroppers = 1; no = 0.
50. Second:
private titles = 4; private no title = 3;
rent = 2;
sharecroppers = 1; no = 0.
50.
Third:
private titles = 4; private no title = 3;
rent = 2;
sharecroppers = 1; no = 0.
50.
Fourth:
private titles = 4; private no title = 3;
rent = 2;
sharecroppers = 1; no = 0.
51.
a) yes = 1;
no = 0.
51.
Very serious = 2; not serious = 1; slight = 0.
51.
b) yes = 1; no = 0.
51.
Very serious = 2; not serious = 1; slight = 0.
51.
c) yes = 1; no = 0.
51.
Very serious = 2; not serious = 1; slight = 0.
51.
d) yes = 1; no = 0.
51.
Very serious = 2; not serious = 1; slight = 0.
52.
52.
Indicate
Problems
52
53.
Indicate.
53.1
Labor = 4; finance = 3; land = 2; tools = 1.
53.
Indicate.
53.1
Labor = 4; finance = 3; land = 2; tools = 1.
54.
Tabulate from questionnaire.
OBSERVATION
A.
Indicate a, b, c, d, e, f.
B.
Indicate
number of densely settled blocks
C.1
Community.
District
County
C.1.1
Indicate time
- days/months.
C.2
Not collected.
Road impassible = 5; trail = 14; boat = 3;
train = 2; airplane = 1.
C.2
Indicate time.
C.3
Paved; indicate distance.
All weather gravel; indicate
distance.
Gravel; indicate distance.
Dirt; indicate distance.
Ruts tracks; indicate distance.
Total distance; indicate.
C.4
Indicate total time.
C.5
Fords;no difficulty.
Fords;some difficulty.
Fords;major obstacle.
C.6
Bad = 4; average = 3; poor = 2;
marginal = 1.
TABLE FORMATS
INTRODUCTION:
Once the questionnaire has been coded,
the next step is to tabulate
the results
and to prepare the tables that will permit the analysts to
write the
reports. Since tabulation follows
essentially the same sequence
for each
question detailed instructions are prepared only for question
one.
By following the same patterns the study
team should be able to
develop their
own tabulation sheets.
Step I
The questionnaires for the county (or
district or any other unit
analysis which has been decided on) are
coded.
Step II
The various responses for each question
are summed and placed on
the "county tabulation sheet."
Step III
The tabulation sheets for the county are
assembled and totaled
to obtain the distribution of responses
at the regional level.
Step IV
The tabulation sheets at the regional
level are assembled and
totaled to obtain the distribution of
responses at the "area
studied level."
Step V
With all tabulation now complete the
table for question #1 can
be prepared.
This table will be used by the analysts to write the
report.
Depending on the specific question the
data from the county will either
be compared
with the region and area studied, or will be presented in the
context of
the county only. Occasionally, it has
been found useful
to
"collapse categories" to reduce the number of alternatives.
An example
of collapsed
categories is presented in Table One.
After the questionnaire is tablulated and
the tables are prepared,
the entire
package of tables and the original questionnaires are given
to the
analysts to use in the preparation of the county level reports.
The analysts
adhere closely to the "county level format" presented
in the next
section. The inclusion of these tables
in the county
level reports
is at the discretion of the analyst.
Often, only the most significant
data from a
table will be indicated in the text of the report.
DETAILED
INSTRUCTIONS FOR QUESTION # 1
The
Question: How many people have moved to
this community in the last
five years? Many _____
Some X
A few _______ None _______
Step I:
CODING
(Each questionnaire in the county coded)
Question Code
1
2 Many = 3;
some = 2; A few = 1; None = 0.
Step II:
TABULATION AT COUNTY LEVEL:
(The number of questionnaires with each
response in the county marked
on the following form)
Question 1
Tabulated
JA Date
5/16/78
Approved
MZ
Date 5/18/78
Name of County:
SAN PEDRO
(3) Many
15
(2) Some
6
TOTAL 21
(1) A few
3
(0) None
2
TOTAL
5
No data
_________
TOTAL
0
Step III:
TABULATION AT REGIONAL LEVEL
(The number in each county in the region
that chose each response is
indicated on the "regional
form."
Question
1
Tabulated JA
Date
5/18/78
Approved
MZ
Date 5/19/78
Name of Region: NORTH
PACIFIC
Many / Some
Few / Some
No data
County
# communities #
communities # communities
Total
SAN
PEDRO 21
5
0
26
HO
JANCHA 8
10
1
19
NICOYA
18
15
0 33
CARRILLO
4
8
1 13
LANCS
2
12 1
15
Total
53
50 3
106
Step IV:
TABULATION AT AREA STUDIED LEVEL
(The number
each region in the area studied is indicated in the
"area
studied" form.)
Question
1
Tabulated JA
Date
5/25/78
Approved
MZ
Date 5/28/78
Area Studied:
Many / Some
Few / None
No data
Region
# communities
# communities
# communities Total
NORTH
PACIFIC 53
50
3
106
SOUTH
PACIFIC 100
40
2
142
ATLANTIC
COAST 85
31
1 117
NORTHERN
PLAINS 27
80
0
107
Total
265
201 6
472
Step V:
PREPARATION OF TABLE
Quantities from county, regional and
area studied forms are placed
in appropriate spaces in Table I.
Percentages are calculated.
Question
1
Tabulated JA
Date
6/3/78
Approved
MZ
Date 6/8/78
TABLE I
IN-MIGRATION
Number Moving
County
Region Area Studied
to communities
# %
#
% #
%
Many or Some
21 81%
53
50% 265
56%
Few or None
5 19%
50
47% 261
43%
No data
0
0% 3
03% 6
01%
TOTAL
26
100%
106 100%
472
100%
In the remaining pages of this section
the table formats for each
of those
questions that will be included on the county level report are
presented.
Question
2
Tabulated _________
Date ________
Approved _________
Date ________
TABLE II
OUT-MIGRATION
Number Moving
out of com-
County
Region
Area Studied
munities
# %
#
% #
%
Many of Some
Few or None
No data
TOTAL
Many questions in the
questionnaire do not warrent a full table
where the
responses from the county will be compared with the region and area
studied.
Nevertheless this information is important
within the context
of the county
report so an "additional information table" is prepared.
Additional
Information
Question
1.1 Around here (1)
Tabulated: _________
Date ________
Other parts
(0) Approved:
_________ Date ________
POINT OF DEPARTURE AND
DESTINATION OF MIGRANTS
Around here
Number
Other parts
Number
(Indicate
(Indicate
point of
point of
departure
departure
of migrants)
of migrants)
Question
2.1 Around here
(1)
Other parts (0)
Around here
Number Other
parts Number
(Indicate
(Indicate
destination
destination
of migrants)
of migrants)
Note:
No regional or area studied calculations.
Question
3 Tabulated
_________ Date __________
Approved
_________
Date __________
TABLE III
DIFFICULTY IN FINDING
FULL
TIME EMPLOYMENT
Difficulty
in County
Region
Area Studied
finding
employment #
%
#
%
# %
Very hard
Hard
Fairly easy
No data
Total
Question
4 Tabulated
__________ Date __________
Approved
__________
Date __________
TABLE IV
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Number
of County
Region
Area Studied
unemployed
#
% #
%
# %
Many
Some
A few
None
No data
Total
Question
5
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved
_____
Date _____
Question
6, 6.1 Tabulated _____ Date
_____
Approved
_____ Date _____
TABLE V
SEASONAL MIGRATION
Number of
workers
who migrate
seasonally
to find
employment County
Region
Area Studied
#
%
# %
#
%
Many
Some
Few
No data
Total
Question
6.2 Tabulated _____ Date
_____
Approved
_____ Date _____
Additional Information
DESTINATION OF SEASONAL
WORKERS
Neighboring Areas _____
#
Other parts _____
#
Note:
Specify location in the blanks.
Question
6.3 Tabulated _____ Date
_____
Approved
_____ Date _____
Additional Information
CHANGES IN NUMBERS WHO WORK
SEASONALLY
Changes
#
More
Less
Same
No data
Total
Question
7,7.1,7.2 Tabulated _____
Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
TABLE VI
DAILY WAGES OF AGRICULTURAL
LABORERS
Wages
County
Region
Area Studied
Average daily
wage
Average
hourly wage
Additional
Information
BENEFITS IN ADDITION TO
WAGES
Benefits
yes
no
Total
Food
Housing
Land to grow
crops
Question
8 Tabulated _____ Date
_____
Approved
_____ Date _____
TABLE VII
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF BEEF, DAIRY
AND AGRICULTURE
Most
Second
Least No Significant
No
Type of
Important
Important Important
Production
Data
Production
#
% #
% #
%
# %
#
%
County
Beef
Dairy
Agriculture
Region
Beef
Dairy
Agriculture
Area Studied
Beef
Dairy
Agriculture
Question
8.1, 8.2, 8.3 Tabulated _____
Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
TABLE VIII
TENDENCIES IN AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION
OVER LAST FIVE
YEARS
Type of
Increased
Decreased
No change No data
Total
Production
#
% #
%
# %
#
% #
%
County
Beef
Dairy
Agriculture
Region
Beef
Dairy
Agriculture
Area Studied
Beef
Dairy
Agriculture
Question
9.1, 9.2 Tabulated
_____ Date ____
Approved _____ Date _____
Additional Information
PRINCIPAL AGRICULTURAL
CROPS
Crop
Most Important
Second Most
Third Most
(List all
crops
mentioned more
than once or
twice.
Rank
order from most
frequently mentioned
to least
frequently mentioned)
Additional
Information
COMMERCIAL SALES OF PRINCIPAL
AGRICULTURAL CROPS
Amount Sold
Commercially
Crop
Almost all
More than half
Less than half
Little
("Most
important"
in
most
communities)
("Second")
("Third")
Note:
To determine which crop is "Most
Important," "Second," "Third,"
using Table assign three (3) points for
each time crop was mentioned
as "Most Important," two (2)
points for "Second," and one
(1) for "Third;" then total.
Question
9.3
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
Additional Information
INCREASE IN
IMPORTANCE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS OVER THE LAST FIVE YEARS
Increase in
importance
Crop
Number of Communities
("Most Important")
("Second")
("Third")
Question
10, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
TABLE IX
FACILITIES FOR PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION
Capacity
Condition
Where Principally Sold
Facility
Number
Excess Adequate Lacking
Good
Poor Local
National
International
Note:
Leave sufficient space between each type of
facility for tabulating the county level.
Tabulations
will eventually be summed up to obtain
regional and area studied totals.
Question
11, 11.1, 11.1a Tabulated
_____ Date _____
Approved
______ Date _____
Additional Information
AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING AND STORAGE
FACILITES
PERCEIVED NEEDS
Type of
Facility Communities Requesting
Reasons
Question
12 Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
TABLE X
OTHER RURAL INDUSTRIES
Type of
Where Sold Principal
Sold
Industry
Number
Local National
International
Size of table
depends on
number of
types of
industries.
Note:
Leave sufficient space between each type of
industry for tabulating.
The county level tabulations will
eventually be summed to obtain regional
and area studied totals.
Question
13.1, 13.2 Tabulated
_____ Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
Additional Information
PERCEIVED
NEEDS FOR NON-AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES
Type of
Industry Communities
Requesting
Reasons
Question
C2, C3 Tabulated _____ Date
_____
Approved
_____ Date _____
TABLE XI
PRINCIPAL ACCESS
County
Region
Area Studied
Type of
Access #
% #
%
# %
Road
Trail
Boat
Train
Airplane
Total
Question
C1.1, C3, C6 Tabulated _____
Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
TABLE XII
ROAD ACCESS
County
Region
Area Studied
Access
#
% #
% #
%
*
Surface
Communities Communities
Communities
Paved/all weather gravel
Gravel
Dirt/ruts or tracks
Time/Impossible
to
Cargo Trucks
one week or less
two to four weeks
one month
one to two months
two to four months
four months or more
(*) Largest
number of kilometers in this category.
Question
C3 Tabulated _____
Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
TABLE XIII
KILOMETERS
ROAD SURFACE
County
Region
Area Studied
Surface
#
%
#
% #
%
Paved
All weather gravel
Gravel
Dirt
Ruts or tracks
Total
Question
C5
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved
______ Date _____
Additional Information
FORDS
Fords
#
%
No difficulty
Some difficulty
Major obstacle
Total
Question
15, 15.1
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved _____
Date _____
TABLE XIV
FREQUENCY OF SCHEDULED
TRANSPORTATION
County
Region
Area Studied
Frequency
#
% #
%
# %
More than 1
per
day
1 per day
More than 2
per
week
Fewer than 2
per week
None
No data
Total
Question
16, 17, 18
Tabulated _____ Date
_____
Approved _____
Date _____
Additional
Information
TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH
Communications
yes
no
Public Telephone
Individual telephone
in homes
Telegraph
Question
20.1
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved
______ Date _____
TABLE XV
WATER SERVICE
County
Region
Area Studied
Number of Houses
#
% #
%
# %
All
Most
Some
A few
(*)No water
system
No data
Total
(*) No water
system indicates a "no" response in Question 20.
Question
24, 25
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved
______ Date _____
TABLE XVI
ELECTRICAL
SERVICE
County
Region
Area Studied
Number of Houses
#
% #
%
# %
All or almost
all
Most
Some
Few
None
No data
Total
(*)
Note: No electrical system indicates a
"no" response to Question 24.
Question
32
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved
_____
Date _____
TABLE XVII
SANITARY
SERVICE
County
Region
Area Studied
Number of Houses
#
% #
%
# %
All or almost
all
Most
Some
Few
Very few or
none
Total
Question
13, 33.1
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
TABLE XVIII
GARBAGE COLLECTION
Center Throughout
Communities
with yes
Only Community
garbage collection
# %
#
% #
%
County
Region
Area Studied
Question
35
Tabulated ______ Date _____
Approved ______ Date _____
Additional Information
HEALTH SERVICES
Facility
Number
Hospital
(List other types
of health services)
Total
Question
36
Tabulated ____ Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
FACILITY MOST USED IN AN
EMERGENCY
Name of Facility
Location
Number of Communities
Question
36.1
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved _____ Date _____
TABLE XIX
TIME TO REACH EMERGENCY
HEALTH CARE FACILITY
IN RAINY
SEASON
Time
County
Region Area Studied
#
%
# %
#
%
Less than 1
hour
1 hour to 2
hours
More than 2
hours
Total
Note:
This table may be made with time categories
which seem most
appropriate.
Question 36, 36.2, 36.3
Tabulated _______ Date _______
Approved
_______ Date _______
Additional Information
TYPE OF TRANSPORTATION - AVAILABILITY
- LOCATION
Type of Transportation
Number
Foot
Horse
Bus
Boat
Airplane
Railroad
Etc.
Question
36.3 Tabulated _____
Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
Emergency Availability
Number
Always
Sometimes
Rarely
Question
17, 38 Tabulated _____
Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
TABLE XX
EDUCATION FACILITIES
County
Region
Area Studied
Facility
#
% #
%
# %
Grade School
High School
None
No data
Total
Question
39 Tabulated _____
Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
GRADE SCHOOL
Name of
Facility Location
Number of Communities
________________
________
_____________________
Additional Information
GRADE SCHOOL CONDITION
Grade Schools
that Number
Names of Communities
need major
repair
Grade schools
that
need
expansion Number
Names of Communities
Grade schools
that
need to be
rebuilt Number
Names of Communities
Question
40, 41
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved _____ Date _____
TABLE XXI
GOVERNMENTAL SERVICES
County
Region Area
Studied
Institution
#
% #
%
# %
Name of
Institution or Agency
Example:
Agricultural Extension
etc.
Municipal
Government completed
a project in last year
etc.
etc.
No Data
List depends
on existing governmental institutions.
Question
42, 54
Tabulated _____ Date ____
Approved _____
Date ____
TABLE XXII
RECREATIONAL
FACILITIES
County
Region
Area Studied
Facility
# %
#
% #
%
Public
Facilities:
List facility
#1
through #7 in
order.
*Private
Facilities:
List facilities in
order of frequency.
Note:
Private facilities are found in Items 19 -
22 of Question #54.
Question
43, 43.1, 43,2
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
Additional
Information
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATIONS
Most likely to help
Organization
Number with
community project.
(List
organizations from most
frequently
mentioned to least
frequently
mentioned)
Additional
Information
TYPES OF COMMUNITY PROJECTS
COMPLETED IN LAST YEAR
Type of Project
Number
(Order from most frequent to
least frequent.)
PROBLEMS OF SMALL
FARMERS
Question
45
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved
_____ Date _____
TABLE XXIII
INSTITUTIONAL SOURCES FOR
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CREDIT
County
Region
Area Studied
Source
# %
#
% #
%
Bank
Agency of
National Production
Council
Cooperatives
that give
production loans.
No
institutional source
of credit
No data
Total
Question
46, 46.1 Tabulated
_________ Date ________
Approved _________ Date ________
Additional Information
SOURCES OF CREDIT USED FOR AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION BY SMALL FARMERS
Source of
credit most
frequently other sources of credit
Source
used by small farmers
used by small farmers
(Order
from
most
frequently
mentioned to
least
frequently
mentioned)
Question
47 Tabulated
_________ Date _________
Approved
_________ Date _________
TABLE XXIV
MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION
Directly
Natl.
Takes
Inter-
to refinery
Coop- Buying
product
Communi-
Product
mediary packer,
etc. erative
agency to market
ties
Cattle
Milk
Most
important
crop
Second most
important crop
Third most
important crop
Total use of
this system.
Question
50 Tabulated
________ Date _________
Approved
________ Date _________
TABLE XXV
LAND TENURE
Second
Third
Type
Most
Most Most
Least
None
Private farms
with
land titles
Private farms
without
titles
Farmers who
only rent
their land
Sharecroppers
Question
49 Tabulated
_________ Date _________
Approved
_________ Date _________
Additional
Information
PREDOMINATE SIZE OF
FARMS
Size
Communities
Small
Medium
Large
Question
51 Tabulated
________ Date ________
Approved
________ Date ________
TABLE XXVI
LAND PROBLEMS
SEVERITY
Very
Not
Slight
Not a
Problems
Serious
Serious Problem
Problem
Lack of land
titles
Land owned by
foreigners
Lack of land
to cultivate
Land
increasingly concentrated
in the hands
of a small
minority
Question
52 Tabulated
________ Date ________
Approved
________ Date ________
TABLE XXVII
TYPES OF COMMUNITY
PROBLEMS
Type of Problem
Number of Communities
(*)Examples:
roads
water
Electricity
Etc.
(*) Order
from most frequently mentioned problem to the least frequently
mentioned.
Question
53 Tabulated
_________ Date _________
Approved
_________ Date _________
TABLE XXVIII
TWO MOST IMPORTANT COMMUNITY
PROBLEMS
Community
First Problem Second
Problem
(Names of
Communities)
Question
53.1 Tabulated
_________ Date _________
Approved _________ Date
_________
Additional Information
COMMUNITY ASSISTANCE
OFFERED
Type of
Assistance Number of
Offered
Projects
Labor
Finance
Land
Tools
ESTABLISHING PRIORITIES FOR
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
One of the major advantages of the
research methodology outlined in
these pages
is that the information can be used to establish an initial
listing of
communities with priority development needs.
Based on the answers to several questions
a point system is worked
out where a
high number of points indicates a high priority.
A step by
step
procedure is presented to establish priority needs for water, electricity,
public
streets, sanitary services, and access roads.
Priority Needs for Water Systems
Priorities for water systems are based on
four criteria:
Points
1.
Number of houses with/without piped-in
water
0 to 4
2.
Months water rationed previous year
0 to 2
3.
Months system shut down for maintenance
problems last year
0 to 2
4.
Degree of community interest
0 to 2
Total 0 to 10
Answers from the code book are recorded
on the following table and
points are
calculated according to instructions.
Questions
20, 20.1; 21, 21.1
Tabulated ________ Date ________
Approved ________ Date ________
PRIORITY NEED FOR WATER
SYSTEM
Houses
Without
Piped-
Time
Time shut down Community
in Water
Rationed
For maintenance
Interest
Code
Points Code
Points
Time Points
Points
Total Priority
2
1
4 2
2
4 months
months
1
8 FIRST
Instructions
for Calculating Points:
Houses without piped-in water
Questions 20, 20.1
Question
Points
20 = 0 or 20.1 = 1
(1)Automatic First
Priority
20.1 = 2
Fourth
20.1 = 3
Second
20.1 = 4
Zero
(1) If there is no water system or system
reads "few houses" first priority
automatically given.
Time water rationed last year
Questions 21, 21.1
(2)Time rationed
Points
3 months or more
2
1 to less than three months
1
less than one month or none
0
(2) Time intervals presented as examples.
Time water system shut down for
Questions 22, 22.1
maintenance
(3)Time shut down
Points
3 months or more
2
1 to less than three months
1
less than one month or none
0
(3) Time intervals presented as examples.
Community Interest
Questions 52, 53
Question
Points
Mentioned in 52 and 53
2
Mentioned in 52 only
1
Not mentioned
0
(4)Total Priority
Points
Priority
7 points or more
First priority
4-6 points
Second priority
3 points or less
Adequate
(4) Points presented as examples only.
Question
24, 25, 26, 29, 52, 52
Tabulated ________ Date _______
Approved
________ Date _______
PRIORITY NEED FOR
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Houses
with
Service
an
electrical Adequate
Shut down
Community
service
Current
Reduced
Interest Total
Priority
Code
Points
Time Points
Time
Points
6
4
0 0
2
months 2
2 6
SECOND
Instructions
for Calculating Points:
Houses without electrical
service Questions 24, 25
Question
Points
Question 24 = 0, 25 = 7
Automatic First Priority
25 = 2
4
25 = 3
2
25 = 4
0
Adequate Current
Question 20
Question
Points
26 = 1
0
26 = 0
2
(1)Shut down, reduction
Question 29
Time
Points
3 months or more
2
1 to less than 3 months
1
less than one month
0
(1) Time interval presented by example.
Community Interest
Questions 52, 53
Question
Points
Mentioned in 52, 53
2
Mentioned in 52 only
1
Not mentioned
0
(1)Total Priority
Points
Priority
7 points or more
First
4 to 6 points
Second
3 or less
Adequate
(1) Points presented as example only.
Question
34, 52, 53
Tabulated ________ Date ________
Approved
________ Date ________
PRIORITY NEED FOR
PUBLIC STREET
Streets in
Streets
Center of Town
Outside Center
Community
Type
Maintenance
Type Maintenance
Interest
Total Priority
Code
Points
Code Points
Code
Points Code
Points
1
1 0
2
0 2
1
1 2
8
FIRST
Instructions
for Calculating Points:
Public Streets in Center
Question 34
Surface
Points
Paved = 2
0
Gravel = 1
1
Dirt = 0
2
Maintenance
Points
Gravel = 2
0
Regular = 1
1
Dirt = 2
2
Public Streets Outside of
Center Question 34
Surface
Points
Paved = 2
0
Gravel = 1
1
Dirt = 0
2
Maintenance
Points
Gravel = 2
0
Regular = 1
1
Dirt = 2
2
Community Interest
Questions 52, 53
Question
Points
Mentioned in 52, 53
2
Mentioned in 52 only
1
Not mentioned
0
Total Priority
Points
Priority
8 and more
First
5 to 8
Second
4 or less
Adequate
Question
32
Tabulated _________ Date _________
Approved
_________ Date _________
PRIORITY NEED FOR SANITARY SERVICE
Houses
with
Priority
Service
Question
Priority
All or most all = 4
Adequate
Most = 3
Adequate
Some = 2
Second
Few
= 1
First
Very few or none = 0
First
Question
C6
Tabulated _____ Date _____
Approved _____
Date _____
PRIORITY NEEDS FOR IMPROVED
ACCESS ROADS
Rating
Priority
Question
Priority
Good = 4
Adequate
Average = 3
Adequate
Poor = 2
Second Priority
Marginal = 1
First Priority
Once tabulation is complete the data is
presented on the following
tables:
Question __________
Tabulated _____
Date _____
Approved _____
Date _____
TABLE XXIX
PRIORITY NEEDS FOR BASIC
SERVICES
First
Priority Need
Service
County
Region Area Studied
#
%
# %
#
%
Access Road
Water
Electricity
Sanitary
Services
Public
Streets
TABLE XXX
BASIC SERVICES
Service
First Priority
Second Priority Adequate
Access Road
Water
Electricity
Sanitary
Services
Public
Streets
TABLE XXXI
NEEDS FOR BASIC SERVICES BY COMMUNITY
Sanitary
Community
Access Road
Water Electricity
Public Streets
Services
1 = First
Priority
2 = Second
Priority
0 = Adequate
FORMAT FOR COUNTY
SUMMARIES
The section which follows, "Format
for County Summaries," demonstrates
one way the
data from the questionnaire can be organized to write a comprehensive
report.
By following this outline closely analysts
can write
a
satisfactory report even though they have little experience.
The "Format" is divided into
seven parts; the first three deal with
basic social
and economic trends in migration, employment and, production.
What emerges
is a description of conditions as they are now, how conditions
have changed
in the last few years, and why these changes have occurred.
It is usually
possible to link in-migration to an improving employment
situation and
increased and intensified agricultural production (and vice-versa).
Part IV is a description of access roads,
transportation and communication
facilities
and basic services in the county compared to the region
and the area
studied. Education facilities,
governmental services, recreational
facilities
and community organizations are also described and
compared.
Part V deals with the problems faced by
small farmers. The
issue
addressed is the obstacles to increase agricultural production (and
by extention
to improve the employment situation and to slow migration or
stimulate
more immigration). Part VI presents the
types of problems that
are seem by
the villagers as urgent to solve and the type of assistance
they would
offer for their solution.
These sections lend logically to the
recommendations in Part VII.
In Part VII
an integral development plan for the county is presented
starting with
measures to stimulate agricultural production.
Following
this
community by community recommendations are made for the improvement
of access
roads and basic services.
PART I
Migration
1.
Perception of number of persons entering
county and whether more are
entering than leaving or vice versa.
a)
Using Table I, compare the percentage of communities in the
county where many or some people were
entering, with the percentages
for the region and the area
studied. A higher percentage
for the county would mean a
comparatively attractive
situation for in-migration, and vice
versa.
b)
Data from Table II should be noted if the divergence from the
regional or area studied averages is
striking.
2.
Origin of inmigrants and destination of
emigrants.
a)
Note if in most communities immigrants come from nearby or
from other areas in the country.
List the areas which were
most mentioned.
Discuss implications.
(Question 1.1)
b)
Note where emigrants are going
near-far, rural-urban, rural-frontier,
etc.)
Discuss implications. (Question
2.1)
3.
Reasons for leaving and entering.
Note frequently mentioned reasons for
moving to the communities in
the country or leaving them.
Cite interesting examples from the
questionnaires.
(Questions 1.2, 2.2)
4.
Conclusions:
Summarize:
Is this an area which in general is more or less
attractive to immigrants?
What are the reasons for this;
Discuss migration as an
introduction to employment if this
is relevant.
PART II
Employment,
Seasonal Migration and Salaries
1.
Difficulty in finding employment; reasons:
a)
Using Table III compare the percentage of communities in the
county where it is "hard" or
"very hard" to find work with the
percentage for the region and area
studied.
b)
Note frequently mentioned reasons for difficulty in finding work.
Cite interesting examples from the
questionnaire. (Question 3.1)
2.
Unemployment:
a)
Using Table IV, compare the percentage of communities in the
county where there are
"some" or "many" out of work, with the
percentages for the region and area
studied.
3.
Employment Trends:
a)
Using Figure I, compare the percentage of communities in the
county in which the job situation has
worsened (fewer jobs) or
improved with the percentage for
region and area studied.
b)
Cite reasons and illustrative examples from the questionnaires.
(Ques. 5.1)
4.
Seasonal Migrations:
a)
Using Table V compare the percentage of communities in the county
in which "many or some"
leave for seasonal employment to percentages
for the region and area studied.
b)
Indicate whether most of the workers go to areas "nearby" or
to
"other areas" of the country
to find seasonal employment and
where they most frequently go.
(Question 6.2)
c)
Indicate whether in general there is more or less seasonal
migration compared to five years
ago. (Question 6.3)
5.
Salaries:
a)
Using Table VI compare the average of daily and hourly wages
for the county for unspecialized
agricultural labor with those
of the region and area studied.
Indicate ranges of hourly wages
among communities in the county.
b)
Indicate whether agricultural labor generally includes food,
housing or the use of land for
subsistence production. (Question 7.2)
6.
Conclusions:
Summarize findings:
Is the employment situation generally
favorable
or unfavorable?
How does it compare to the region and area studied?
How does this relate to migration, the
migratory situation? Are people
forced to resort to seasonal migration
because of a lack of permanent
jobs?
PART III
Agriculture
and Rural Industries
1.
Farm Production: Using Table VII discuss the
most important types of
agricultural production.
Compare with region and area studied.
2.
Tendencies:
Using Table VIII discuss shifts in agricultural production
over the last five years.
3.
Changes in Agricultural Production:
Note frequently mentioned reasons
for shifts in production.
Cite interesting examples from the
questionnaires.
(Questions 8.1a, 8.2a. 8.3a, 9.3b)
4.
Commercial Sale of Agricultural
Products: Specify major agricultural
crops, then indicate if production of
principal crops is principally
subsistence or commercial.
(Question 9.2)
5.
Storing, Marketing, Processing Facilities
and Industry: Include the
number and types of facilities available
in the county, their state
of repair, capacity, and where products
are sold principally. Do the
same for industry.
Present Table IX and X, discussing anything
of
particular significance.
(Questions 11 & 13, discussed in
recommendations)
6.
Sum up important points in this chapter and
relate to findings in
Parts I and II if significant.
PART IV
Infrastructure
and Services
1.
Introduce the chapter by stating that the
following topics will be
discussed:
Roads, Transportation, and
Communication
Basic Services
Health Services
Governmental Services
Recreational Services
Community Organizations
2.
Access Roads:
a)
Using Table XI compare the principal type of access in the
county compared with the region and
area studied.
b)
Using Table XII, indicate the surface of roads, and the time
roads are impassable to cargo trucks
compared with the region
and area studied.
c)
Using Table XIII, compare the percentage of Kilometers of access
roads with poor surfaces with the
region and area studied.
3.
Transportation and Communication
a)
Using Table XIV compare frequency of transportation between
the county, region and area studied.
b)
Note the number or percentage of communication with telephone
and telegraph service. (Questions 16,
17, 18)
4.
Basic Services:
a)
Using data from Tables XV, XVI, XVII, and XVIII, compare basic
services of water, electricity,
sanitary service, and garbage
collection for the county, the region,
and the area studied. It
may be useful to develop a single
table or graph to point out
the most important differences.
5.
Health Services:
a)
Describe briefly the types of health services which exist and
their location.
Note which health care facilities are most
used in an emergency and by how many
communities. (Question 36)
b)
Using Table XIX indicate the time required to reach emergency
health care for the county, with the
region and area studied.
Indicate the type of transportation
commonly used to reach these
facilities and whether or not it is
available. (Questions 36.2, 36.3)
6.
Educational Facilites:
a)
Using Table XX, compare the percentages of communities that have
grade schools and high schools with
the region and area studied.
b)
List the names of communities where grade schools are considered
to need major repair, expansion or
where they need to be constructed.
(Question 39)
7.
Governmental Services:
Using Table XXI, indicate number of
communities where each governmental
agency is working (hold a meeting, helped
an individual,
constructed a project, etc.), compare with
region and area studied.
Stress that this is the interviewer's
perception of the governmental
agencies that were working in the
community.
8.
Recreational Facilities:
Using Table XXII, compare number and type
of recreational facilities
with the region and area studied.
9.
Community Organizations:
a)
Indicate the total number of community organizations and types
of organizations which are most likely
to help out with a community
(Questions 43, 43.1)
b)
Indicate the types of projects completed by community organizations
in the last year.
(Question 43.2)
PART V
Problems of
Small Farmers
1.
Introduce in order of frequency mentioned
the problems of small farmers
in this area as perceived by the people
interviewed. Then, proceed to
discuss in more detail. (The following
discussion reflects the problems
of small farmers in Costa Rica.
Other problems can be treated in a
similar manner.)
(Question 45)
2.
Problems in Obtaining Credit:
a)
Using Table XXIII compare the percentage of communities with
institutional credit facilities with
the region and area studied.
b)
Discuss the sources of credit and the ones most used by farmers
for financing production.
c)
Discuss frequently mentioned credit problems -- include significant
comments from the questionnaires.
(Questions 46.2, 46.3)
3.
Problems Related to Marketing:
a)
Using Table XXI, discuss which marketing systems are most used for
various products.
Note those crops where institutional systems
are
used (i.e. cooperatives, national
buying organization, etc.)
compared to middlemen and truckers.
Discuss implications.
b)
Discuss the types of marketing problems and indicate illustrative
comments from the questionnaires.
(Question 48)
4.
Problems Related to Land:
a)
Discuss land tenure patterns and predominant farm size and their
implications.
(Question 49)
b)
Using Table XXVI, discuss types of land problems and their implications
for agricultural development.
5.
Problems Related to Roads:
a)
Note the number of communities where roads were mentioned as a
problem of small farmers and how often
roads were mentioned as a
marketing problem and as a community
problem. Include significant
quotes.
b)
Indicate the number and percentage of communities where access is
difficult (dirt, trail or river) from
Table XII.
Summarize the problems of small farmers
and their implications in terms
of limiting
production and profits.
PART VI
Perception of
Community Problems
1.
Using Table XXVII, point out most frequently
mentioned community
problems.
2.
Using Table XXVIII, comment on two most
important community problems.
3.
Discuss the help offered by the community to
solve the two most
important community problems.
(Question 53.1)
a)
The type of help offered.
b)
Indicate the importance of community participation in lowering
project costs.
PART VII
Recommendations
1.
Development Plan
Present an outline of an integrated
development program for the county.
2.
Agricultural Development Needs
a)
Base recommendations on trends and problems identified earlier in
the report.
b)
Stress need for generating employment, given population increase.
3.
Rural Industry Needs
a)
Using information tabulated for questions 11, 11.1, 11.1a, indicate
the communities that need agricultural
processing and storage
facilities and the reasons these
facilities were reported. Use
data from Table IX to facilitate develop argument especially as
it
relates to facilities in poor repair
or with inadequate capacity.
b)
Using information tabulated for Questions 13.1, 13.2 indicate the
communities that need non agricultural
processing industries and the
reasons given.
4.
Road and Basic Services Needs
a)
Indicate briefly how priority needs were determined.
b)
Using Table XXIX, compare the need for access roads and basic
services for the county with the
region and the area studied.
c)
Using Table XXX, summarize the needs for priority basic services
in the county.
d)
Using Table XXI specify the priority road and basic service
needs of each community
5.
Conclusions
Make a brief summary of the
recommendations made and stress the kind
of impact their implementation would make
for the development of the
county.
FORMAT FOR COMMUNITY
PROFILE
This community profile format avoids the
need to actually
compose
reports for each community. Referring
to the questionnaire
a coder
simply circles the correct response in the format.
A secretary
can then transfer this information directly into a
report.
This avoids having to use analysts for the
more routine
work and thus
cuts down the cost of report preparation considerably.
COMMUNITY PROFILE
Question
General Profile
Obs A
__________________________ is
a community
(community)
/with a - which is /
Strong central nucleus
of homes and businesses
concentrated in a small
central area.
small nucleus of homes
and businesses with
disbursed houses.
No nucleus of homes and
businesses.
Linear with most homes
and businesses located on
a highway or near a
railroad track, but with
large center of shops
and homes.
Linear with a small
nucleus of homes and businesses.
Linear with no nucleus
of homes and businesses.
Obs B
The community has _____________ densely settled blocks.
14
The people generally go to
_______________________ to
obtain needed services
and to do most of their buying.
14.1
It can be reached by:
/railroad, boat/canoe, airplane,
path or trail/
14.2
/dirt - gravel - paved /
road / in approximately
__________________________ .
/ minutes - hours /
Question
General Profile (continued...)
14.2
/all year round - during the
dry season/ and in
____________________________.
14.2
/minutes - hours/ during the
rainy season.
_______________________________ has the following services,
(community)
industries, and
businesses:
38
a primary school
37
an / academic -
agricultural - high school
45
a bank
45
an agency of the National
Production Council
45
a cooperative
35
/a hospital - clinic -
health post/
35
___________________________________.
35
___________________________________.
35
___________________________________.
Socio-Economic Data:
Migration:
During the preceding five-year period
(*)1,2
/more - fewer - approximately
the same number of/
people have entered
___________________________
(community)
1,2
/than - as/ have left it to
live in other communities.
(*) Compare
answers to Questions 1 and 2.
Question
Socio-Economic Data
(continued...)
The principal reason
given for more people
1,2
/entering - leaving / than
1,2
/ entering - leaving / was
1.2 or
_____________________________________________________
2.2
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Employment:
It is considered to be
3
/very - hard - fairly
easy / to find permanent
work here because
3.1
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Compared to five years
ago, there is
5
/more - less - about the
same amount of / work available
due to
5.1
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
4
/Many - Some - A few
people - virtually nobody/
/is - are/ looking for
work but
/is - are/ unable to
find it.
Question
Agricultural Data:
49
/small - medium - large/
sized farms predominate.
8
/agriculture - and - beef cattle raising - and
- dairy
farming/
/is - are/ practiced in
this community of which
8
/agricultural - cattle raising - dairy
farming/is
the most important
activity. The three most
important agricultural
crops are:
9
_______________________________________________
___________________________________________ and
______________________________________________.
Basic Services Profile:
The Water System:
In _____________ there
(community_
20
is a - is no/ water system
which serves
20.1
all or almost all - most -
some - a few/ homes and
which is operated by the
20.2
/community - municipality -
National Water Service -
__________________________________/.
During the past year
21
It was not necessary to
ration the system due to lack
of water
21.1
it was necessary to ration
the amount of water used
for a total of
21.1
____________________________________________________
22
/but - and also/ it was
22
/not/ necessary to suspend the service for
maintenance
or repair during a total
of
22.1
______________________________________________________.
Question
The Water System (continued ....
)
22.2
it was not necessary to
ration, reduce or
suspend the water supply
due to water shortage or
maintenance problems.
19
The source /s/ of water
used
/is - are/
/wells - a river or
creek - ditches - springs - water
brought in from other
communities in tanks - rain - and
19
/there is/
/not/ a sufficient
amount of water all year round.
19
only the /wells - river or
creek - ditches - springs - water
brought in from other
communities - rain -
________________________________________/
/is an - are/ adequate
sources /s/.
All year round.
23
This community currently
has no plan to /improve its
construct a/ water
system.
23
In _________________________
there is a plan to
(community)
/improve its - construct
a /water system which will
serve /all or almost all
- most - some - few - very few/ houses.
23.1a
sponsored by the /community -
municipality - National
Water Service -
____________________________________/,
Question
Water System (continued...)
23.1c
and work is scheduled to be
completed on _______.
52
The _________________
/lack of a/ water system was
/not/ mentioned as a
problem in the community.
/The enlargement of the
- The improvement of the - The
53
construction of - The
repair of the / water system
was mentioned as one of
the two most needed projects
in the community, and
for which they offered to give
53.1
aid in the form of
/labor - financing -
materials - equipment - land -
____________________________________________/.
The Electric System:
24
__________________________/ - does not have / electric
(community)
service
25
which serves /all or
almost all - most - some - few
of the houses, and which
is operated by the
24.1
/community - municipality - National Electric Service
_______________________________/.
31
It /has - does not have /
public street lights, /but
31.1
only in the center of town -
throughout the community/.
26
The interviewees believe
that there is /not/ enough
electric current
available when the system is working
28
well.
During the past year it was not necessary to
shut
down the electric system
or reduce its capacity due to
lack of water,
it was necessary to shut
down the electric system due
28.1
to a lack of water or fuel
for a total of ___________
Question
Electric System:
(continued ...)
/but - and also
29
/it was - it was not /
necessary to do so for maintenance
during a total of
_____________________________________.
29.2
because
___________________________________________.
It was not necessary to
shut down the electric system or
reduce its capacity due
to a lack of water or fuel or for
maintenance problems.
30
This community currently
has no plan to
/improve its - construct
an/ electric system.
30.1
In ______________________
there is a plan to /improve
(community)
the - construct an/
electric system which will serve
30.1b
/all or almost all - most -
some - few - very few/
houses sponsored by the
30.1a
/community - municipality -
National Electric Service -
_______________________________/.
30.1
and work is scheduled to be
completed on ____________.
The
52
/lack of an / electric system was
/not/ mentioned as a
problem in the community.
53
/The enlargement of the -
The improvement of the
The construction of an -
The repair of the / electric
system was mentioned as
one of the two most needed
53.1
projects in the community,
and for which they offered to
give aid in the form of
/labor - financing -
materials - equipment - __________/.
Question
Public Streets:
34
The public streets in the
center as well as outside the
center of
_______________________ are principally
paved - gravel - dirt/ and are considered to be
/well - regularly -
poorly/ maintained.
34.1
The public streets in the
center of _______________
(community)
are principally
paved - gravel - dirt /
and are
considered to be
/well - regularly -
poorly/ maintained, while the streets
34.2
outside of the center are
paved - gravel - dirt /
and are
/well - regularly -
poorly/ maintained.
The
52
/lack of - condition of
the / public streets was
/not/ mentioned as a problem in the community.
The
53
/construction of - repair
of - improvement of/
the public streets was
mentioned as one of the two most
needed projects in the community, and for which they
53.1
offered to give aid in the
form of
/labor - financing -
materials - equipment - land
_________________________________________________/.
Question
Sanitary Service and Garbage
Collection:
32
/all or almost all - most
- some - few - very few
or none / of the houses
have latrines or toilets.
The
52
lack of / sanitary service
was
/not/ mentioned as a
problem in the community.
53
The expansion of sanitary
services was mentioned as
one of the two most needed projects in the
community,
53.1
and for which they offered
to provide aid in the form of
/labor - financing -
materials - equipment - __________
_______________________/.
33
There /is - is not /
garbage collection service.
33.1
Garbage is collected /only
in the center - throughout
the community /.
The
52
/lack of a / garbage
collection service was
/not/ mentioned as a
problem in the community.
The
53
/establishment of a -
expansion of the - improvement
of the/ garbage
collection service was mentioned as one
of the two most needed
projects in the community and for
which they offered to
provide aid in the form of
53.1
/ financing - equipment - ____________________/.
Question
Community Problems and
Organizations
53
In response to the
question, "Which are the two most
urgent problem to solve
in your community?", the
interviewees mentioned
the following:
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
53.1
For the first project they
said that the community would
help in the form of:
and for the second in
the form of:
53.1
For both projects they said
that the community would offer
help in the form of:
_____________________________________
52
They further mentioned
that
/other - another /
important problem
/s/ in the community
/are - is /
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
43
Of the following community
organizations:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
43.1
The
___________________________________________ was considered
most likely to sponsor a
project for community betterment.
Question
Community Problems and Organizations:
(continued ... )
43
According to the
interviewees there are no community
organizations that meet
regularly.
52
In addition to the
problems already listed, the interviewees
also mentioned the need
for the following in their
community:
____________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
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