Low understory shade-tolerant crops

TABLE 18. SPECIES DESCRIPTION AND USE.

SPECIES NAME	COMMON NAME		SHADE	FORM	HEIGHT	USE
			TOLERANCE
ARACEAE
Acorus calamus	Lubigan		M	Perennial herb	0.5-1.5 m	medicinal
Amorphophallus campanulatas	Pongapong		Perennial herb	0.5-1.5 m	livestock feed	(tuber), food (stem)
Amorphophallus variabilis (A. oncophyllus)			H	Perennial herb	1.0-2.5 m	medicinal (tuber)
Colocasia esculenta	Gabi, Gabing Tagalog		S	Perennial herb	1.0-2.0 m	food (tuber), stem and leaves
Xanthosoma nigrum	Gabing Cebu		S	Perrenial herb	1.0-2.0 m	food (tuber),
(Xanthosoma sagittifolium)					animal feed	(stem and leaf)
MARANTACEAE
Maranta arundinacea	Arrowroot, Uraro		H	Perrenial herb	0.5-1.0 m	food (tuber)
TACCACEAE
Tacca palmata			H	Perennial herb	0.75-1.25m
DIOSCOREACEAE
Dioscorea alata		Ubi	H	Climbing vine	3.0-10 m	food (tuber)
Dioscorea bulbifera			M	Climbing vine	3.0-10 m	food, medicinal
Dioscorea esculenta		Tugui	M	Climbing vine	3.0-5.0 m	food (tuber)
Dioscorea hispida			M	Climbing vine	5.0-20 m	food (tuber)

CANNACEAE

Canna edulis

Edible canna

H

Perennial herb

1.0-3.5 m

hod, fodder

BROMELIACEAE

Ananas comosus

Pinya

S

Perennial herb

0.5-1.25 m

food (fruit), fiber (leaves), animal feed (leaves).

ORCHIDACEAE

Vanilla fragrens (V. planifolia)

Vanilla, Banilya

H

Climbing vine

10-15 m

Spice (pod)

ZINGEBERACEAE

Amomum cardamomum	Indonesian cardamon	H	Perennial herb	1.5-3 m	medicinal, spice (root)
Boesenbergia pandurata		H	Perennial herb	0.25-0.8 m	medicinal, spice
(Kaempferia pandurata)				(root)
Catimbium malaccensis		H	Perennial herb	1.0 4 0 m	medicinal (root)
Costus spp		H	Perennial hero	0.5-3.0 m	medicinal (root)
Curcuma aeruginosa	Wild turmeric	H	Perennial herb	0.5-2.0 m	medicinal (root)
Curcuma domestica	Luyang-dilaw,	M	Perennial herb	1.0-1.5 m	medicinal, spice,
(C. longa)	Dilaw, Kunig				dye (root)
Curcuma heyneana		H	Perennial herb	2.0 m	medicinal (root)
Curcuma purpurascens		H	Perennial herb	0.5-1.5 m	medicinal, spice (root)
Curcuma xanthorizza		H	Perennial herb	0.5-2.0 m	medicinal dye (root)
C. zeodaria	Bolon, Tamahibak, H	Perennial herb	0.5-2.0 m	medicinal (root)
	Barak, Tamo-karsi,
	Luya-luyahan
Elettaria cardamomum	Cardamon	H	Perennial herb	2.0-3.0 m	spice
Hedychium coronarium	Kamya	M	Perennial herb	1.5-3.0 m	medicinal (root)
Kaempferia galanga	Duso, Dusog, Dusol, Galanga, Gisol, Gusol		Perennial herb	0.27 m	spice, medicinal (root)
Kaempferia rotunda		M	Perennial herb	0.5-1.0 m	medicinal (root)
Languas galanga		S	Perennial herb	1.5-2.5 m	medicinal, spice
(Alpinia galanca)					(root)
Zingiber aromaticum	Wild ginger	M	Perennial herb	1.84.0 m	medicinal. Spice (root)
Zingiber cassumunar		H	Perennial hero	1.5 m	medicinal (root)
Zingiber officinale Roxb. Luya	M	Perennial herb	0.5-1.0 m		medicinal, spice (root)

PIPERACEAE

Piper bete L	Ikmo, Gawed, Betel vine	H	Climbing vine	5.0-15 m	medicinal (leaves)
Piper cubeba	Forest pepper	H	Climbing vine	3.0-15 m	medicinal, spice (seed)
Piper nigrum	Black pepper, Paminta	M	Climbing vine	4.0-10 m	spice (seed)
Piper retrofactum (P longum)	Long pepper	H	Climbing vine		medicinal, spire (seed)

LEGUMINOSAE

Calapogonium mucunoides	Calapogonium	M	Climbing herb	0.3-0.5 m	green manure (leaves, stems)
Centrosema pubescens	Centrosema	M	Climbing herb	0.45 m	green manure, fodder (leaves)
Desmodium gyroides	Desmodium, Karikut-rikut	M	Small shrub	1.0-2.5 m	fodder
Dolichos lablab	Batao	S	Climbing herb	1.5-6.0 m	food (beans), buds.
Mucuna pruriens	Velvet beans,
M. derengiana	Kokoa
Pachyrrhizus erosus	Singkamas, Yam bean	M	Climbing herb		food (tuber)
Vigna unguiculata var. Sesquipedalis	Long beans, Sitao	S	Climbing herb		food (bean)

CONVOLVULACEAE

Merremia mammosa

H

Climbing herb

medicinal

LABIATAE

Coleus amboinicus	Oregano	S	Herb		medical (leaves)
Ocimum basilicum	Basil	S	Herb	0.3-0.6 m	medicinal
Orthosiphon aristatus (O. stamineus)	Balbas pusa	S	Herb	1.0-1.5 m	medicinal (root)
Pogostemon -cablin	Patchouli	H	Perennial shrub	1.0-1.5 m	essential oils (leaves)

GRAMINAE

Brachiaria decumbens		M	Perennial grass	0.25-0.65m	fodder (leaves)
Panicum maximum	Guinea grass	M	Perennial grass	0.8-2.5 m	fodder (leaves)

URTICACEAE

Boehmeria nivea

Ramie

M

Perennial herb

1.0-3.0 m

fiber (leaves)

CAPSICACEAE

Capsicum sp.

Sili

S

Annual

0.5-1.0 m

food (leaves); spice (fruit)

Note:

H = Highly shade-tolerant
M = Moderately shade-tolerant, and,
S = Slightly shade-tolerant.

TABLE 19: SPECIES REQUIREMENTS AND YIELDS

SPECIES NAME	COMMON NAME	ELEVATION	SOILS	RAINY	INPUTS	YIELDS
				SEASON LENGTH (mos)
ARACEAE
Acorus calamus	Lubigan	< 2000	Clay loam	9-12	L	3000kg/ha
Amorphophallus campanulatas	Pongapong	< 800	Sandy team	4 5-9	L
Amorphophallus variabilis (A. oncophyllus)		< 700	Sandy loam	6-9	M	2.5kg/tuber
Colocasia esculenta	Gabi, Gabing Tagalog	< 1000	Adaptable	7.5-12	M	2-17 tons/ha
Xanthosoma nigrum (Xanthosoma sagittifolium)	Gabing Cebu	< 1000	Adaptable	7 5-9	L	32 500 kg/ha
MARANTACEAE
Maranta arundinacea	Arrowroot, Uraro	< 900	Sandy	9-12	L	75-37 tons/ha
TACCACEAE
Tacca palmata		< 900	Sandy	7.5-9
DIOSCOREACEAE
Diosconea alata	Ubi	< 800	Loamy clay	7.5-12	M	10-35 tons/ha
Dioscorea bulbifera		< 800	Loam, clay	9-12	M	0.5 kg/tuber
Dioscorea esculenta	Tugui	< 700	loam	7 5-12	M
	Dioscorea hispida	< 850	Humus	6-9	M
CANNACEAE
Canna edulis	Edible canna	< 2000	Rich in	6-9	M	18 - 38 tons/ha
BROMELIACEAE
Ananas comosus	Pinya	< 1000	Adaptable	7.5-10.5	M	38-75 kg/ha
ORCHIDACEAE
Vanilla fragrens (V. planifolia)	Vanilla, Banilya	400-800	Rich in humus	7.5-10.5	H	800 kg/ha
ZINGIBERACEAE
Amomum cardamomum	Indonesian Cardamon	300-1500	Humus	7.5-10.5	M
Boesenbergia pandurata		< 700	Calcareous	6-9	M
(Kaempferia pandurata)
Catimbium malaccensis		< 1500	Clay	6-9	M
Costus spp		<1000	Fertile	9-12	L
Curcuma aeruginosa	Wild turmeric	400-700	Adaptable	6-9	L
Curcuma domestica Val.	Luyang dilaw,	< 2000	Clay team	7.5-9	13
(C. longa)	Dilaw, Kunig				35,000 kg/ha
Curcuma heyneana		< 750	Adaptable	6-9	L
Curcuma purpurascens		< 1000	Adaptable	6-9	L
Curcuma xanthorizza		< 750	Adaptable	7.5-10.5	L
C. zeodaria	Bolon, Tamahibak Barak, Tamo-karsi Luya-luyahan	< 1000	Clay	6-9
Elettaria cardamomum	Cardamon	< 1500	Rich humus	9-12	H	100-350 kg/ha
Hedychium coronarium	Kamya	< 2000	Deep, rich	5-12	L	5.7 tons/ha
Kaempferia galanga	Duso Dusog, Dusol, Galanga, Gisol, Gusol	80-600	Sand, clay	7.5-12	L
Kaempferia rotunda		< 750	Clay	9-12	L
Kaempferia rotunda		< 750	Clay	9-12	L
Languas galanga (Alpinia galanga)		< 1200	Loose, fertile	7.5-10.5	M
Zingiber aromaticum	Wib ginger	< 1000	Clay	9-12	M
Zingiber cassumunar		< 1300
Zingiber officinale Roxb.	Luya	250900	fertile	9-12	H	30,000 kg/ha
PIPERACEAE
Piper betel L	Ikmo, Gawed, Betel vine	< 700	Clay	6-10.5	L	Variable
Piper cubebe	Forest pepper	< 400
Piper nigrum	Black pepper, Paminta	< 1000 alluvium	Rich	9-12	H
Piper retrofactum (P. longum)	Long pepper	< 600	Sandy	6-9
LEGUMINOSAE
Calapogonium mucunoides	< 700	Adaptable	7.5-12			6000 kg/ha
Centrosema pubescens	Centrosema	< 300	Adaptable	7.5-12	L
Desmodium gyroides	Desmodium, Karikut-rikut	400-1000	Adaptable	9-12	M	2000 kg/ha
Dolichos lablab	Batao	< 500	Fertile	6-9	M	1400 kg/ha
Mucuna pruriens	Velvet beans
M derengiana	Kokoa
Pachyrrhizus erosus	Singkamas, Yam bean	< 500	Sandy loam	6-10.5	M	95 000 kg/ha
Vigna unguiculata var.	Long bean, Sitao sesguipedalis		Adaptable, well- drained neutral	drought- resistant	H
CONVOLVULACEAE
Merremia mammosa
LABIATAE
Coleus amboinicus	Oregano	< 250	H
Ocimum basilicum	Basil	450-110	Clay	7.5-10.5	M
Orthosiphon aristatus (O. stamineus).	Balbas pusa	<1000 o.m.	Rich in	7.5-12	L
Pogostemon cablin	Patchouli				M
GRAMINAE
Brachiana decumbens
Panicum maximum	Guinea grass
URTlCACEAE
Boehmeria nivea	Ramie	< 1200	Rich sand loam	9-12	H
CAPSICACEAE
Capsicum sp.	Sili		adaptable	up to 8 months	H

Note:

H = High;
M = Medium; and
L = Low.

SAMPLE MATIX FORMAT 1.

SPECIES NAME	DESCRIPTION	SITE REQUIREMENTS
Scientific name: Acacia mangium Local name Mangium	Mangium grows to 25-30m in height. It is straight-boled and is usually branch-free up to about one half its height. It has a spreading crown and the dense foliage casts a heavy shade. Mangium has some similarities to Acacia auriculiformis but its phyllodes (flattened leaf-like petioles that replace the juvenile teevee) are longer and broader.	Mangium prefers a rainfall range of 1500 3000mm/yr but can withstand a minimum rainfall of 750-1000mm/yr. It can survive in areas with a prolonged dry season, but growth will be affected. It can be planted on a wide spectrum of soil typos and grows well even on infertile, eroded, rocky, shallow and acidic (down to pH4.5) soils. K prefers moist, well-drained soils and coos not tolerate flooding. Mangium is wind-firm and moderately light demanding. Seedlings and young saplings are killed by fire, but older tree are fire - resistant.
Scientific name: Acacia meamsii (A. decurrens var. Mollis) Local name: Black wattle	Black wattle is a tree usually 6-10m height, may reach 15-20m. It has a good, straight stem form and a narrow crown when grown in a closed stand, but develops a spreading crown if open-grown. It has light, feathery, dark green foliage.	Minimal rainfall requirements are 500-700mm/yr, but it grows well in much higher rainfall zones. It can only withstand 2 3 months of dry season. Black wattle grows best on sandy loams and shale or slate derived soils. It can also tolerate shallow and unproductive acid soils and on steep, unstable slopes. It does not survive well on alkaline or calcareous soils. It is a high elevation species, planted at 100-2500m in cold climate zones. Growth can be reduced if temperatures are too warm. It is moderately shade-tolerant, but can also be grown in full sun.
Scientific name: Albizia lebbek Local name: Langil	Langil grows to be a 30m single-stemmed tree with a large spreading crown, but a is also managed as a multistemmed shrub. It forms a It is suited for areas areas 500-2500mmiyr straight bole if grown in a closed stand, but a develops a low, spreading crown if open- grown. It can be easily recognized by its numerous paper-skinned pods that rattle in the wind.	Langil is especially suited to dry areas and d can withstand a dry season up to 6 months. rainfall. It tolerates wide range of sites including both acid and alkaline soils and saline soils. On highly eroded sites, it may require more intensive safe preparation and maintenance. It can grow in full sun or partial shade and a develops fire resistance with age.
Scientific name: Alnus nepalensis Local name: Alder	Alder can grow to be a large tree, 10-30m in height. It has a spreading, deep, dense root system and a has a deep crown when grown under shade.	Alder requires a minimum of 800mm rainfall/yr and grows best in areas where rainfall is higher and evenly distributed. It is a high elevation species, thriving in a cool climate at 1000-3000m. It grows best in moist, deep, loamy soils, but it tolerates infertile, acid, poorly drained, steep, rocky and eroded soils. Alder is wind-firm and it and eroded soils. Alder is wind-firm and it can survive occasional flooding but not lengthy waterlogging nor extremely dry soils. It tolerates shade well.
Scientific name: Cajanus cajan Local name: Kadios, Pigeon pea	Kadios is a small tree or shrub 1-5m tall. Its form highly variable, but usually described as shrubby.	Kadios is an important crop plant in dry to moist climates. It is drought-hardy and tolerates up to 6 months dry season, with a rainfall range of 500-2500mm/yr. It is widely adaptable as to soil conditions and can be planted up to 1000m. It does not tolerate waterlogging and requires full exposure to sunlight for fruiting.
Scientific name: Desmodium rensonii Local name: Rensoni	Rensoni is an erect shrub.	Rensoni grows well in moist areas with even rainfall distribution and it also shows very good drought-tolerance. It is able to grow on acid soils. Probably best adapted to lower elevations of the uplands.
Scientific name: Flemingia macrophylla Local name: Flemingia	Flemingia is a shrub, attaining 2-3m in height. It has a deep root system and produces dense foliage. It looks somewhat similar to Kadios, but does not produce edible beans.	Flemingia is moderately drought-tolerant, but requires at best 1100mm/yr rainfall and not longer than 6 months of dry season.
Scientific name: Leucaena diversifolia Local name: Acid ipi-ipil	Acid ipil-ipil is a small tree up to 18m in height with usually good but sometimes shrubby form. Its appearance is very similar to that of Leucaena leucocephala, but Acid Ipil-ipil's flowers are pink rather than white and it can also be differentiated by the leaf rachis which does not have button-like glands.	Acid Ipil-ipil grows well in a humid to dry climate with a minimum rainfall of 500mm/yr and up to 8 months, dry season. Growth is better in higher rainfall zones. Acid Ipil-ipil gets its name from the fad that it tolerates acid soils somewhat better than L. leucocephala. It is also more productive at higher elevations than giant and native ipil ipil, with best growth up to 1000m, but a can be planted up to 1500m. It is strongly light demanding.

SAMPLE MATRIX FORMAT 2.

CHARACTERISTICS		SPECIES
	Mangium	Black wattle	LangiI	Alder	Kadios
Height	25-30m	Average 6-10; up to 15-20m	15-30m	15-30 cm variable	1-5 m
Stem form	Straight	Poor	Often poor, but varies with stand density		Highly
Crown form	Spreading dense foliage	Narrow or spreading, depending on stand density	Spreading	Deep crown when grown under shade
Annual rainfall
Optimum range	1500-3000mm	700-2000	700-2500
Minimum range	750-1000mm	500-700	500-600
Dry season length	3-4 months, but tolerates prolonged dry season	2-3 months	2-6 months	Prefers evenly distributed rainfall	Up to 6 months
Soil type	Tolerates wide range, hardy on infertile, rocky, or eroded soil	Prefers deep fertile soils, sandy loams, shale or slate derived soils	Tolerates wide range, including saline soils	Best in deep, loamy soils tolerates steep, rocky, eroded soils	Widely adaptable
Soil pH	Neutral to acid	Neutral to acid	Alkaline to acid	Acid to neutral
Soil drainage	Moist, well- drained soils, does not tolerate flooding	Moist but well drained soils	Free draining soils	Prefers moist soils, but tolerate poorly- drained sites	Does not tolerate water logging
Elevation	0-720m	100-2500m	0-1400	1000-3000m	Up to 1000m
Wind resistance	Wind-firm	-	-	Not wind firm
Fire Resistance	Older trees are fire-resistant	Fire resistant	Develops fire resistance with age
Shade tolerance	Moderately light demanding	Can grow in full sun or partial shade	Can grow in full sun or partial shade	Tolerates shade well	requires full sun for fruiting

PROPERTIES OF SOME FUELWOOD SPECIES

		AGE AT FIRST
SCIENTIFIC NAME	COMMON NAME	FUELWOOD HARVEST (YEARS)	CHARCOAL QUALITY	SPROUTING AFTER CUTTING	OTHER USES REQUIREMENTS	SITE
Acacia auriculiformis	Japanese acacia	2-5	Good	Poor	Land rehabilitation furniture, pulp shade, N-fixing, roadside tree	Adaptable tolerates harsh sites, poor soil conditions, flooding, 4-6 months dry season, 4-600 m elevation
Acacia mangium	Mangium	2-5	Fair	Poor	Land rehabilitation, erosion control, N- fixing pulp, timber, firebreak	Tolerates infertile and acidic soil, rainfall 1500-3000 mm/year
Acacia meamsii	Black wattle	3-5	Good	Poor	N-fixing, tannin, poles, green manure, windbreaks	Grows well on shallow or poor acid soils
Albizia falcataria (Paraser- ianthes falcataria)	Moluccan	3	Good	Vigorous	Pulp, light industrial wood, coffee shade, green manure, N- fixing, ornamental tannin	Grows well on alkaline soils, does not tolerate prolonged drought, can tolerate 2-4 mo dry season if some rainfall occurs
Albizia lebbek	Langil	5-10	Good	Vigorous	Fodder, N fixing, medicinal shade for plantation crops; for pulp and paper	-Rainfall 500-2500, tolerates wide range of soils, 2-6 months dry season, adaptable but not suited for every graded sites.
Alnus nepalensis	Alder	3-5	Good	Vigorous (pollarding)	Erosion control, N- fixing, coffee and cacao shade, fodder, tannin	High elevations: 100-300m Tolerates infertile, acid soils
Calliandra calothyrus	Calliandra	2-3	Excellent	Vigorous	N-fixing, erosion control, land rehabilitation, green manure, bee forage, firebreaks, coffee shade, fodder	Optimum rainfall 2000-4000mm/yr but withstands less, tolerates dry season of 3-6 months and grows well on depleted soils and steep slopes elevation 250-800 m
Cassia siamea	Thailand shower	2-3	Good	Vigorous	Small timber (fumiture), fodder, soil improvement	Tolerates up to 6 months dry season with minimum rainfall 650 mm/yr. Prefers good sibs, but can grow on lateritic soil up to 800
Cassia spectabilis	Antsoan- dilau	3-5	Good	Vigorous	Ornamental	Tolerates dry season of at least 3 months, thrives on poor sites, including sandy and clay soils up to 300 m
Casuarina equisetifolia	Agoho	3	Excellent	Vigorous	Coffee shade, N-fixing, dune stabilization, live fencing, pulp	Tolerates diverse and difficult sites, coastal areas, limestone, 6-8 months dry season, does poorly on heavy clays
Eucalyptus camaldulensis		3-5	Good	Vigorous	Windbreaks, roadside tree, medical	Tolerates calcacerous, acid or saline sot 4-8 mo dry season
Gliricidia sepium	Madre de Cacao	2-3	Excellent	Vigorous	Coffee shade, green manure, N-fixing trellis tree, rat poison, fodder, insecticide	Highly adaptable, tolerates low soil fertility, tolerates long dry season, 6 months or more, but needs at least 1000 mm/yr rainfall, windfirm
Gmelina arborea	Yemane	3-4	Good	Vigorous	Pulp, light industrial wood, roadside trees, bee forage	Highly adaptable, tolerates acidic calcacerous or lateritic soils and 6 7 months dry season
Leucaena diversifolia	Acid Ipil-ipil	2-5	Good	Vigorous	Pulp, pules, N-fixing	500 mm/yr minimum rainfall with up to 8 months dry season, somewhat tolerant of acid soils (pH 5.0) up to 1000 m
Leucaena leucocephala	Ipil-ipil	2-5	Excellent	Vigorous	Timber, poles, fodder, N- fixing green manure	Tolerates 6 months dry season with best rainfall range 600-1700 mm/yr, does not tolerate acid soils, elevation to 500 m
Melia azedarach	Paraiso	5		Vigorous	Tools and implements, pulp insecticide	Adaptable to various soils, tolerates 6 months dry season
Muntingia caladura	Datiles	2-3		Vigorous	Fruit, ornamental	Withstands 6 months dry season, but requires rainfall 100 mm/yr. Can tolerate sandy, limestone and saline soils up to windfirm
Piliostigma malabaricum	Alibang- bang	4-5	Good	Vigorous	Leaves used to season foods, medicinal uses	Requires distinct dry season, tolerates 6 months dry drought and dry rocky sites
Pinus kesiya	Benguet pine	20	Poor	No	Timber	Rainfall 1000 2000 mm/yr with 2-6 months dry season, grows on poor acid soils at 450-2900 m
Pithecello- bium duke	Kamachile	34	Good	Vigorous	Construction poles, fodder, fruits, N-fixing,	Adapts to a variety of soil conditions and 8 months dry erosion season control, live fencing, bee forage, medicinal use
Psidium guajava	Bayabas	3-5	Good	Vigorous	Fruits, fire wood, medicinal	adapts to a variety of soil condition
Samanea saman (Albizia saman)	Raintree	34	Good	Vigorous	Timber, craftwood fodder, roadside tree	Rainfall 600-2500 mm/yr with dry season up to 6 months, prefers good soils but can grow on poor acid soils up to 500-700 m
Syzygium cumin)	Duhat	2-5	Good	Vigorous	Poles, light construction, guitars, fruits, medicinal use, roadside tree, live fencing, ornamental	Can grow on variety of sites, including shallow, rocky soils if rainfall sufficient. Prefers distinct dry season tolerates 6-7 months drought
Tamarindus indica	Tamarind	5	Excellent	Vigorous	Fruit, timber roadside tre shade, food seasoning (fruits and extract)	Very drought resistant, prefers deep soils, but adapted to wide range of sites, including sandy and rock soils
Trema orientalis	Anabiong	3-6	Good	Vigorous	Pulp, poles coffee shade, fruits, fodder, tannin	Tolerates poor soils and 6 months dry season, but prefers humid climate